No pocas veces nos hemos podido preguntar que, dadas las condiciones que imperaban en la Tierra hace cuatro mil millones de años, ¿que probabilidades había de que surgiera la vida? Lo más fácil sería responder que la Vida era inevitable, como lo demuestra el simple hecho de que nosotros estemos aquí. Es obvio que la vida sí se inicio y que nuestra presencia la testifica pero, ¿tenía que iniciarse? O, preguntado de otra manera, ¿era inevitable la emergencia de la vida a partir de un caldo químico o cualquier otra cosa, contando con millones de años?
![Los fósiles más antiguos del mundo – Fitopasión](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![Estromatolitos: la clave para entender el pasado en la Tierra.](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Estromatolitos en Shark Bay (Australia)
“Todos sabemos que la vida empezó en el mar, y los primeros seres que dejaron su rastro hasta nuestros días fueron microalgas, que con su actividad biológica transformaron la atmósfera del planeta.
En concreto se trataba de cianobacterias, y gracias a la fotosíntesis de aquellas «pioneras», el oxígeno aumentó desde el 1% al 21% en los gases de la atmósfera, haciendo posible la evolución de la vida tal y como la conocemos.”
¿Era inevitable la emergencia de la vida a partir de un caldo químico o cualquier otra cosa, contando con millones de años?
Nadie conoce la respuesta a esa pregunta. El origen de la vida puede haber sido también, una extraordinaria “carambola”, un accidente químico de enorme improbabilidad, un suceso tan poco probable que nunca sucedería dos veces en todo el universo. O quizá haya sido tan poco notable y tan predeterminada como la formación de los cristales de sal. ¿Cómo podemos saber que explicación es la correcta?
![http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_DzHETx-YgFA/TO_Xx6cLoyI/AAAAAAAAAgg/u1TxTw-XALI/s1600/I11-30-cyanobacteria.jpg](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_DzHETx-YgFA/TO_Xx6cLoyI/AAAAAAAAAgg/u1TxTw-XALI/s1600/I11-30-cyanobacteria.jpg)
En algún momento del pasado de la Tierra, estimado en aproximadamente 2.500 – 3.500 millones de años, tuvo lugar lo que denominamos revolución oxigénica, durante la cual las cianobacterias produjeron tanto oxígeno que la atmósfera y los océanos quedaron literalmente saturados de este nuevo compuesto químico. Tal producción de oxígeno afectó drásticamente a la biósfera del planeta. Antes de la revolución oxigénica, pocos organismos estaban adaptados para vivir en presencia de oxígeno abundante; las moléculas de oxígeno actuaban como un veneno, reaccionando con las moléculas orgánicas complejas y degradándolas. Debido a esto, la mayor parte de la vida existente en ese momento debió quedar exterminada; las cianobacterias serían responsables de una gran extinción masiva.
![PDF) Las moléculas de la vida | Daniel Casillas - Academia.edu](https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/47985078/mini_magick20190205-1593-fv1z97.png?1549374629)
Sabemos que la vida terrestre está basada en algunas moléculas muy complicadas con estructuras cuidadosamente elaboradas, incluso en los organismos simples, el ADN contiene millones de átomos. La secuencia exacta de los átomos es crucial. No se puede tener una secuencia arbitraria porque el ADN es un manual de instrucciones para conseguir un organismo y, si cambiamos algunos átomos se pondrá en peligro toda la estructura del organismo.
![Unidad I : biomoléculas las moléculas de la vida - ppt video online descargar](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
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![Aminoácidos y proteínas.](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![2 aminoácidos y proteínas](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAQMAAADCCAMAAAB6zFdcAAABpFBMVEX///8AAAD//v////1zc3P8/Pz///z9///w8PD29vb5+fnt7e3j4+Px8fHQ0NDV1dWJiYmlpaXc3NxCQkJOTk5ubm6ZmZm6urq0tLT/AAArKyuenp7BwcHHx8ePj4+qqqr//wCAgIBmZmZHR0c4ODhUVFRdXV16enpTU1MhISEwMDA9PT0TExMlJSUQ8f4AAP+yAAAAzdcHd/9zc3eRAADpAACjAADEAAAZGRl7d3FbYWrLyMFuZ2TU2+Kyt7/89+y9tKycpLD17txfaXO9ytJ8gYl3bF+Og3uclY11f5Ha2M7f5u3Q097s49h9cHA3KyWKkqVkV1NKT1uimpBfhooknqgltbwAh41JhYitvL1xjJAZ5vCUq6xijYwAxtEH+f8AqbRDYmaJm6AAcHg6c3hyh59RToVdX42Oi26Jij8AS6wAbOg3WIFqb5gAAMYAALSPka6bmV+9wgCkqAAmVIoAAJ4AAH2GhFXl6Q0kLEwHXs15lbsAAOvM0LXe3hsASpGXmURuAACDKCutkZONRESjo36iGBrFsLOTZ2bbAACffYCkamgcWaTPAAASHUlEQVR4nO1di5/cxJGuHo2kkVqj94vRY6x5SDOzuz7D2sZg/DogAYMTwsNwB8Q57hEHJ0eAJHAcx90ZOBLun05Va2Z2TbLs2jGe3Rl9P69HI6lbVV9XV1W3WiOABg0aNGjQoEGDBg0aNGjQoEGDBg0aNGjQoEGDBg0aNGjQoEGDBg3WAFa2aglWDosNVi3CqsGZv2oRVo7BdnfVIjxcyDL9r3f2fQF50d01vtjQ9L0imryvvLZXDCzj3qo17SEL+3DRGczlG07o/8kUdbR7O71RGcTQZ2F9sGBC9WjIGAvcRdk0X1TSHg2ZFVGxSZCDxljbWl5Bs7cZG4U1PXo/CMJ7GVo9fFa3tctYl3o4Qw1Db8ymUzYGh7Fal0ScVbALdjhY7AODMW1RdthjceaNt7d3GMNaeox5Zn0W32aT0B5hbUBOlPXwmAzHCQmbN3WfkZoZY7H4yhzAlo9QZPHVYn06pU3bBhvWZT1BGFoBfWrbxNJsQP2BM4fbjNVWssVS+gjpw2Bj7FRa5xEqeDg4K6eB2KoYqg32nBKNvgCYLGQFbRioUJd5daF5x0BKWEQbE2EYom3ryjpUCS+ZLc6qSZWpIpst/MoxQsk6ARNb/nQH5d/2d0Rbc2p34sCMhZ4c9XEWfSBhBtSBURAU1XwJbIvSWk1kRZa13Zsf6o3JGCrLOF5WgKbvoGoklMaKYBubux8ImY2aAwu1GJDBEwcTNi8VCg7a2KYjyg+W+9Hjsar+EBzI20OsKJkfu1DigQB9KiuPkzHIM5ZPmOivGYtCxhPGQ6HRnAOXmdShOfaDHJY5YUWnWMyzZ+TdZJYvK7yXA+w0kDJzcUic1rWygrFjZAq+aBUhnM06Jks9Dy2bLJ7v2QFuj2SNOAjmxdhEBBD0l2O0EWPe4QXqvtCdN75NHMw7UMSWQ4tsX+dZOaajDOOhRwY93UHJZyg7F/LrC59Igrtsq7MdImN1qZB2Wtiza6rmCnOhYu0TjbmSw6lwpvW1plSt2NQWWccxQFqLGqBpcmrkIcU4fUqUyHXjZnVcS5mHYke1oWdikBAIe9YZdvIROXuMonRwKuzArUvHxI5Xd4aAXGs+Ete12fEZbfp1rpJiY5rUNIlIBkrWNcsemXqOmgkOSMM6cOaYIk27ZO11xwhQf8yQ0DH0sFcMtqiYj0ZSutyyRR7BdzBFCi+IOBmxnhOHvTrcHg9U/frTi1BqkyybNO4zo8+22rZdmCj0PK2tvUREOlaUG3a8+oA7Qxsw2qOyr1P/mAVYLAZZuH9WZ+Ea+kC2U/uMlHLtyfGxgnuxb1Bj7dv9F5n9EQc/Whqle85fPl65cYMGDRo0aNCgQYMGDRo0aNCgQYMGDR4NJKn+U+gfbqgqKOqqhVoFJLUlIQMtCaQ9VjYJKjY9tBQJKZAk/JBU2lq1VI8MQlUVVNSf7F/B/6k3bBQHCFXoKzzA3A2oyirlWQkkiT/1tHrxmeASWMGueeMyXLmmtlYt1aMEdgOlNKyLz+o3SuNpfmVw9Rr8/bMbFRhaaPioNdiXQBnkz4Gye/X5+EfPqpvkDzAGwI8vwY0C/6oXXkYTuLj78vUXQdocn6BiYgAXg8K+XvbLl26U/cHLaBU3dmGDOgNaASZHnANccXWQZFeDK5qqdGGDSKBej2mRo2OaJFGShKmBqoi/VYv2CIHZgSr3NNKefIOkYL6gtlqwrhxIwgWKtsePxTaAPNLoWD1YwFChwtqmB9IeB2JjGQCJg02CNP/DvGDZ6TeMA4msXMwSYF9YzBNsEgeq6AxIQD1FsPR7G8QBtj0YssQ15EDRAfRFDiDPNoqDZzqQmxgQr/gvwdXLMHeQIU2iiFOkloypkrq2GRIqqDyj8Z9cIg5++iJcfKXer3TyavlcF89BsbuYJKxKyh8WODiAn+3a3kuo9pXdfnL9FZ0jtCsDK9U6nHfo78bzcKXsQmtdLQG94M+68JNLiqVfeVp94Zlr1Ww0mtk0du76I4Gti0/nP3pVX18OFFAcGSJ+tehrtir9+Fq9G8fOfKnyjV0D+ZHWlgOpjovA0w7gmACT4hYZx8Xd/Hk62KIc+forcGVXW9txIw2EVEqSXyvQLeLgSGkRLSq4lpheR15UUHRVEaPIVUv7A6Nr0FPNdVgUO4pFWFD39m0YNihHOhAblCsfiIaDhgPCpnNAo2jioKVuZDgQUKQWcUBTyWuaFh0NGBslaW2nUQ+DmF+WFBw6K+s6Wj4UNMEu6ZYBkqpszh3GeyEWnNx4NQ9xoLCpdkBDJ7jxIjx1CdZ3/uwwkBe48Wqxi+PJjQ2ONFdyffDU8zqs7/21wyDs4DJE5satSNxDS4L6FuRm3W2/By1KklXMEdd/5uhgtOr5NUXd3ERxzgGtu1jsUcX8KrkHmnWFjZxbU1FzzB4lsXBZFSt3Vy3So4c0b39hEURIa+NIoBVKAPz1N26+8bpLE/Ib6C5V8pHGm6dP37p1+o3nMGa0NnBISW7yrVunCbfe1KQNtAOJ5pPcm3MOHv8HMow1GlZr//jGzbf69KTG94wRJQqTzz1+usbb76BZrJFL7L71NrXsu/VNxoOBDFk/r+3g9OPvwFrFxvfeJsVu/TwSswYHooWW33lj3hd+4YobtY9OyB8W8ptz+36LFqMefB6t2oN3Hr91Gml4+10aXa/PkFKft+2hHKj0aNd7v8Azb74uU864Pi5RfXPOwbv0JNvB59H6dVkFt/1PnoXWI7WU7/UeJwu1fd+6aVIXP/g0WslM/sI0cvqitNbHDFCf1x9HDm6+B0cLd5abH37SiYP8zlv//C8Z5QdHua/musnhJ500UNrfj2k11pHurBlmfPhJJw208CqMxR3mozzDaURryIHUaoEdg6Ic6V6C7NpryAFFxDwWDnGfPziAjWQ89P3A+usHTxRomXaLghtlOqi3HM5/eVetn1/AY8r82SZxhrp4vico24RhTNmUpFCScHJHDS3x2BJqiB5Rs4cjfyxYkBSaTie1Wy0iiZ5oa9F915qCsKag3fZc8ewTPfNyUkfQLXErFTWgfLfrB6RWWdXHxIN8NIMsbi6IR1wU+ikIOrbVXqCCxW8hnNRn4dHSFxOiElRBrVZJvq7+oQf6BRAiaNHIav3Ek+svORjSfKL1yr9elk/qbFLdja/92y8vA2jLxi3pkDKfO1ZBrN6Gi7d/ddvFvUSZOV5y4MsAl9+/c+ezX5/UtWstmgD5zb9//vkHv92nmCfuooDy2ocfvqaJdRgSvPbRqVOnPr6KZYzYiZd2sDvuO+nvnkDceWXVyjwgFEUB/vu/Q/whKsolBzn9cr70yaenTn36K00MC12iAEnIkjA1Mme2OHXQTuzgPz4jEv5z1co8GCgaqC99gBR8/ofKGe62d3fJzU2jOE/i/hek9adfg4wZ0399Kjj4YhI7eeyCOaQTh8HuGJ2A8d93nrhzYjkQTyTM7aCLPnG3dgd9bsZh4AkOTv0PeoPWgoNTL8yfaIlH7d22XVJoVKVfIwNPvH95xbo8KCi7gd9+8PnnvyenOAmqcbWMja/Van8oUkWzJuSj64v1KEYRDP/3/Jmzd68C8N99duf9aytT4m+FRAnQ5V/+JkNFtazMpv5WPSKWwBQu4IurNJBUpU9Ex/hkOX8qwZdnHiOc+RbTy4uXDfFrYicRCqWCtVbXvzp/5vxXyfz9C6g23Ma2/+K2yJhVRb/98Ucf35b2liVlNQWPPfbkN+K7Kp/U/EB4BJowcM+eQ33OnV28no6Soqtff32VciKFfhEEjOsc1L0fxPnqsQXuyqpM2eQJzRNrYH+Q7p4T+py7O9+3f/S8+D2A/YPI7v8tOThznN5A9aDADMBcWPYZ82hl+PklB08etzcTPghwRPjNk3OF/vTN0cpId5ccnD9GL+F6YGBPThccPHlEDuDbc/MS5/64Dg984uB/adpn9cPPF+ieXZQw1mItDrq6L2tDePLLIxZRwDr7J+o7Z621WMWrUoT845lzj507/+2RM50WdL+8e/bul10cT5/QzGA/6rl089v//9Zao3vI9wlVBbm+cSqv7UP9h6BFSy4xWcSUWNnURzVa4l6yKiaP1sLHPwAkVaBFA8RN5UCsvqWFWHQnZdWyNGjQoMGJRb4OUwd/G6zj89rm+4NVhXlu6HkQg2PTNJhmt2MAnsQyQEwNa7ULeuN70hdvpjUMsTvXYztMowggM8GtKppvMnGg3QltrM+NKqpKDgMHh9UJvfQXtDBIsCjWZCYzb3acZtx0t4xN7kdGFdmh54DspUY7NXwrQ8FtVN7yXXcm86GZiduoPRvgQh+Yy6vEdVgHsoKPLHfWhQ5LQZtlueVHPMz9HGAcG7ajeSa9TVwbRUbShpEMJnK0aq2/i9yECK3YLVC0IIux5Szb9GNqKOJgghuFa3nCJiBJAujMKmsag22C0y/RCNp4VphCkIRQ0bubx10IM7D7JtLFB8ZIlAzRZMDXPTQXNBUHyV6lzt9FPxK6poltgVHYKHDkgJF6JukOQO8nH3MwsmFGb3Ivp5DlZTuyobDAMbN2p6DXeQdGxkofPKqw5kAfOFgD8mBkkxSAiIKK+zKkcTtJjzhX+6gQx9BHO/A6bQOipJ+AvNXBRgux6xZIiGeAWQLucOh153054LbZ3oYh2UGSQjKwBy64Qxha8haaOg+h5HTMLFK0A9/AkjFWH+e4vQWBBQM+WLXKf4EM27cYehmE46CUoRpu4WZZ0kvZi3KITeeXGjjjAd14DPD0qNDQUMaO7zvU0qGj+/6Ed1FhxzW9sVFNfDP2274GtudFEE8GbVnU1WMm8HIQglMGx+iV70toJGaHLzd14QB1Th69C8sdAqIni8nW+iXm7r1vQBf7untVyfOjvOP2jLog5wdNwPPuQ1BmvyAP+cwDELf3VfT9tfHDIiLfejhreLpZTB4HKdfEokmK2vUR8s+0yeN5QtdFRyVzFFxO+33aR45LxtiAFfDvTKvrEe60xM5ud38p7EqomvxXW1bn9VV5vbnvgJBEry/T1UWdsCBJIyoXFvFAuWcYRHmH9wazKPFnEbpyyMhdGz6UGLPbKLKdDFLqyFCVM7M7nu54wTCNhNv3TdB6EeU+bXFxLAXG2MPsJiqKxBxtoXsb+JOBVi5KDdgsZDpwjA4cr8NLTyziL7yxDOGo3AL0ArCjYcCFuZnkfRIqHUK+fSEPS4xMCQT+hNZ+jSnMjtiE9aKQtZGFaDbYMSD0/PvLqRJKSbY46GNsTl/PWCfv4bXHO9D2Lej3kQPeqcAYVVBwmGFURJlqH2W0tXGs125bZHow2cG6BBtxBp6VQGU5SEjg7pUqgfsDoMhfzjTw6/ynTxqbA4q8W8jOwNjLpI1ZAWktVI7h1YsxhFDkaFsQ9WJI22g1pY5piznjnS20vcIq79cOkl5pG+jE5XGYmltgDzIf9ekXpdHuDLWUIlw1NMCPhnjZlC6Sg7Xt9bDjcPT7Iw23yQ6IAyzlQjYcUoAb+GYWuhTggGLfvJQLE93II4x8ELUDDIlDjxY08oFXYdKADdkvjRIqV3Agd7ADDCMfilqoyoLEGrhG4YPI1Xb6FWyRrUw0SjHcqo/2agTQ9oL785W0jMzCFnKrZIe54JujPDT17SKI2l3Di9AOCkx7o1k+gmqHUYctIEvmdoARnYiAmoMulhLL0dFVJXEH0imLyXLob1mqpM0qHsjTqnJoh1fbbZ4GHUqefIgpBTWRg46dy/EoH8m1UJSbJaa8ZdqeqLMYhx4mHhiIhB2AFjjYQROSoH9/4zGbPOLQiUad3HV75hA7pGnHCfbUgIOLSgj1hhzT10AzL3DS3Cw6Bjomd9ztB1rZ4eidAyt2qNTYGFsOGnVoUaNqw8gJsgESiaZGpeRoakdodYMp2kJnyH2rT5a7lWYeN4dp3ia+HIauMzftTs1Q3p8As0zbHbYzbO7Oth0PssDRZ5SRBnlQZNPCKGI+SPkocoZQRubk/hLLVAzZ4hCV60LXyMCUtYg0tFJSkxoezc2iH4t10Zd1hMcOAzJc2QlCGfoB2jRElWNQKTRvkesbyAs3QMa0USxYpFJ5EPDItAwaJZh0Ao4hQxpwAnccuhCVpGbMZOBVntERurCLQoGWWpnFTS6qpTp1lABFTtEvmFaXF+1UDFd10PrhDzAzcawGLIfhnsSjmaYRZrTxaDhAB3GiunGDBg0aNGiwAvwZem6MDNF2YvMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Claro que pensar en manejar aminoácidos al azar y obtener la secuencia correcta para formar una molécula de proteína por accidente…es complicado. Las probabilidades en contra de producir las proteínas por puro azar son del orden de 1040000 contra 1 seguido de cuarenta mil ceros, cuya escritura completa necesitaría de muchas hojas en blanco para ser reflejada. Fred Hoyle, siempre hacía esta comparación: “Un ensamblaje expontáneo de la vida sería lo mismo y tendría las mismas probabilidades que si un Tornado barriera un depósito de chatarra y oridujera un Boeing 747 listo para funcionar.
![La teoría de la Panspermia se vuelve intergaláctica](data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxITEhUSEhMWFRUXFRgXGBcXFxcVFxgVFRUXFxUVFxcYHSggGBolHRUWITEhJSkrLi4uFx8zODMtNygtLisBCgoKDg0OGhAQGy0gHyAtLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0rLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLf/AABEIAKgBLAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAACAgMBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAEBQMGAAECBwj/xABGEAABAwIDBQQIAwQIBQUAAAABAAIRAwQFITESQVFhcQYTIoEHFDKRobHB8EJS0SNyguEXM2KSk6LC0xayw9LxFTREU4P/xAAZAQADAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgMABAX/xAAlEQACAgICAgMAAgMAAAAAAAAAAQIRAyESMQRBEyJRYaEUMoH/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AKnSM6JjY3bqZySNjiEdQuTvzXZGR0Wmek4F2ngRPkmF1ifeea8/snMOhjr9E9oGNSfvzRpCvH7GtSmDIPUISpaqWlXnQZIljJQGYG23UotUxpW6LFvkkkwCM2nJD1bNWF1FQutpQsJRbyxdtHIqYWJI0VyGGE7l0+yZT1gn4JJZEtGoqdPCoEuyH3ohbsgZNCe3xLigfU+KMU3tgcq6EPcErmpRhP323JB3FuuhImV6q1Q7KbVbZDPorUawRrVe+zliDSY+M4PzKpndq44JcltuYzOY+X0lLLoFkfaDsfZXDHudSY17QTtsGw7IanZyd5grzDE+xL250n7X9l/hPkRkfgvRWmoS4AyH5OPnqAhbu1e1xac4MfUwlcIVszPHbyyqUjFRjmnmNeh0KHheuXTGv8LmtLYzESPikN92MbUG1Rlh1jVv6hRcPw3EoCItLt9JwfTe5jho5pLT7wisTwWtQ/rGGPzDNp893ml0JKaFPRuynpJNOKd22W7U9432hlHibv6j3K3XmKNvAPV3bTROkRwk+XHReFphg+MV7Z/eUHljt+8EcC05EJ1k/RlI9t9dpUG02yHcQBvDgHEzqJCjuccqVAS90ZQ0ZxBiBnyB55Lzmx7SNqkCodhx/ukzuO7zVtbTOxG0M8/5jcjKV9DaJjLzAMmCYOYyCrmKdn6FTxCmWTJBZAJE6lvsq2+EUh+aDtZgzykadEmr37SSNjZGozOR4wMuKk9AZQr/ALO1GTsnbHud7ik9SmWmCCDzEL0K7rMnIHmg6pY/wuaCN0gIoUo60rHc4MxxOwS34j9Ql1xg9Vug2hxb+mq1AFqxdOYQYIPmtQgYvbWoqixcU2JhbUV1pFSW2pJzZ0yh7O3TyztkwLCbOinVtaqC0t06tWQkbNyIqduiKbBBAEo/1TayGSLt7FrRxUnNA5CVtpO6FOywjVOO4bwUF1RcdFGc29DKQpuHhohqSXQJTq5tX72lB1LZw/CUY0hmxK63UL6aOuZG5La1xC6I7EaIqwQNUIipeN3pZcXgV1oFHFZqEqU1lW9CFffoMUm7pWHBG/s3AHT6iPkqt66E87N38lzeIW4toNE/dACBkYgqCtQcc52tTrx1811XuodHl/NBm/gbTT4gRn97tFGaoZojqWpcC4DIRP0PwWmk+zyjy+4UTr38Tcs+uY3c1zVunOO3Ak6xx5qXICJ7ms4sNMjLTMZgb8+B5qr4j2Yp1BtU/wBm6TIGbfMbvJWV9ak5pLiWkDTmAc+nLiUn9dGjpE59AQczx/kuuNTjsarKLiWFVaJio0gbjqD57vNAwvSrq4pQA0bTSCXSAYEkaHI5e5VTEcJYSXUZG/ZOnkRooTw1tCuH4IE2wjtBWoEAHaYD7DjkOMcPkltak4GCIKjhQEPRLTtE2vDWHYd+QnU8tx8lwwPaZc07MnPdMTA5rz8FNrbHqzWmm522w7nZkHjO9ZBssN7et/DGfHXog3XM55JQLjaznPguxWKekYcNqCNV134iDmk5edywV3I0YOrOYdQCOYQ5sKJzgjo6Pmoy4lRg8lr/AEBdKNNNbSihremnFpSXXQzYZZ0U7tKSCtaab2lNBgD7dicWVsSosOsd5TunTAXNOfpGN02Qu1y5wCgfeN4hRswQVy9wGqU4lipaPAROWvxVYvsXeCfEXBxg7tngtxcgpFou8bps5oA9pmflVMubwmS7LXXgN6GfdKiwRfYbSLs/GKD/AGm/D9EuvLO3qew6DzVUdeFcC/VVi49DKZLimFvb04jRV+4Y4Kx0sT3Soq9u1+bfd+iqm12PxT6KnVBQrinVzScwyMoOXVAVwCZO9VSRPiCsaSDG4Semn1TDAq0VmiRmY9/NAupLhgIIIOiNjJFixMFrjOU/YSxtfdMR5b/5p1dnvqDHb9kggcRp8fmq/WpOaASNdD01HJc2Ux2X7lpzo0Q4uswCNV1UeB74/RcziKEPLX65GM8xBCUvaA+HaSN/4Z47kxow4gZCcs8gOqFxRjTJ57t3Tiq4p1oZAdWGkgfHguXV3D2csoMbxO9RtYTAGfDyWNYTmNQTkDn16LpchgWvQa4GQPqlN3Y7PsnaHxVhq0g3M56aGddeqCuRGgy3KE4piOmV1wXKd16LH7vPQpfc2Lm5xIUXGiTBQVPTuCNc1AQtIGG1Gqx2+DwKkIG5JgiKNyWkbwNxn3IqRhi1ikD0wu+0FrUptbTomi8DxeLaYeYMAjoR5pS6rOarSrsLPTbWmm9qxAWjFYsKsHPMALsdJACLKgTCteFYXABdl9ULa91R0h7/AIBOsMcX+Ny5Ms2+hg1jAAlt/i4bk3M8ULjmLR4GHqVWaldJjxXtmSGtzijjOaAF6Z1S6vcIGpcc10fGqM2WHEawLRB3e48FWMTq7TYaC8h26cjxKldfEnZgmBMnRDU3Oklx14ckij6BZEC6R4c4zc4++PLJdVWrbyJnguatSBlC1V0HsDdUBJA1CicCjPVgAS32iN5yUDhxVYbG4ghJCMtrohQVGyoHOhUaHWhncPDxzSiq0E5oS/uKuXdiIMz1MAFT3FTekT3Q+mQ1KYB5dYQ0ldvrSojUQbEof9m74eKm7fmOTgisbstpveMzzlzeBiCfgFWravDgeBVusrsEbX4XABw4O58ioz2hZaZUKlCSOqhr0yCWunIqxYnh3duLm5t9poOmX4Sld9Wa9wIbsmB58/vgofJQewWk0N6811UPDTeI+5C5dSMTrA+C1SPOEtjAlW1Il0HZnUZQYyQfdHXXKTnGpO8pyNuYHXPTjoobmmDJMZ+Qn6Jvl9MYVS2AM5mDvz09y47svIa3MmABGZccgF28bswem/P9Uw7NVhTuaNVwlrHg+6fqmchaH+L+j11raes1qjdrLwDKJziRqVRH1AXRnyzKtnpB7VVruoWzFJp8LRp1PEqlAGU9/UjLsyvZg/cIOtZkaZ/fBNic1G9ygKJIWk0qtadQhH23DNYwOCt7SwsPBa2VjH0Hh9kBm/IcN5TZ2IwNlvhHAb+qr5uySpKdQ66r0uF9hsfWVYucFaL267qmKbdYl3Kdyq+At8QJ0GZ8kde1iZJ3lQmrkOkBV6maFqOUj0PXBKojMFq5mUIASckZUaYhZRoEJm9C1YK4EKMlHVKKgfRSWbiCPKgejTRQjbR22XOeTJB0jIbknINGnV4LWgSTrwhZWdkh6tSo+ttObsgcoGzuC7qlPFjoiJXFWCo6hQtztuI8XhAyjKOPv4p7CS3VWkynLhL3aDcADv5oC0uNtpncVurbtdkcuaFtaoFR7GSWAmHEQYnLa5qVSUrYUzdYQShHVkZepbUYQJIMEwDuJG4JZMzJBcJvhWJD2DoVXitNeQkbN2j0bD7xr291UPQ/LzQeI2AaeOufEHP76pBbXXeMyycPuQm+HYztju6kSMuRH0KhOInREyzfWdsU2ueYmGiY46bknrsgkNOhkjhCs1XtF6lb1W0cqlVwG3vayDIHP9VSsP2qlVoBzJ+G+UsYfWzOVBfrRnxSeKjrXLXDKUzxG2LIEDTVJ6tseHmhXsrF2a2Z4rYok6QspYXXex1RjHFjfafB2R5rm2r7Ou5PuroE9GOw0k+1Ge8TCiqWxp1Cx2cZSijeAmAusQIcxlSc/Zd1bp8IRjK3TOdgNVoQrqbSinNkSh3sSoxCaPBcuYQuzTPFakhEBCdcxI4ceSKuLCjOW02QDE5Z55SNFx3nEKy4TWtn0m98QHN8ImM2jNvzjyRGRdqFMSJMDjqp6YWBikpjNepYKLDg7fA49AsqiVJhw/Z+f0CjqLm9lEQOYuDSRdGiSj6djks5UGhK2hK33KYVKMEqKmB9FrGSAalJC1WJtValtdqSctBoFe2FFUAiUQTxUFUCFOO2ChdUD3VJyDNmIGp3yecoeqRuzTI0TnGWWR+STstHtc5zz1OoJJ3ldD0ajioFBVaRkcsp8lLWqMaHF7iPygak/QJHXu3PeHPcSZGZzyS81dGaonvLhrGuLpmIaBA8W4mdwQeFXZftB24jPrxTC7oB4hwlTdm8Ipd73r3BtKlBqNILtsGYaPNJknwuTejb9C8uD37DJI2g0EiJkxnwUNxh/eXDKFFxquJ2WxkNo6xy1zRnaDGBUqHu2hrZ8I4DchKbu6e19N0VNiZBnZLgRHIwVKGTl6NJbBcYszb1nUHuaXtMHZO0JiYlCKNts7vPGc/a4zmie5lwaNSQB1JgIzaNC/ZHRqlpkFOMPs33VRrKMB51kwABqSdwWjZ21Kk59R/fPJLWBhIZ4ci4nU5yPJJf/UCxtQM8O2IME5CZXO5vaQ6UbthWJ4k5lR1F5ZWax2zI0Mb2u+qsHZDA2XtRvq57oMhz3akA/hz3mCPeqAVbeyHad1lTqMDf63PaHtNIEDqP1QyuUYfXskkpS/C29taNC3f3QhxgScyQeGuqpAuySWt38Y06lB4hfuqOLiSZMklBylxpx7Y7l6RbMT7SH1SlaUiA0D9oR+J8knPhKrbH/FS1sOrNYHPYWtOk5Sgu8XTdIm1sLa3NFW9IOa9mhI2gP7Tf5Slrai9C9GvZinWHrNYS2S2m3dlk5545yB0KSeRQVitHnrKdQzstLtnMwCYHONFEa/Fet9qW29t+yoBrRqQ0DXnxXnGKtDzO/ipQyuTeqGljqKdiwVAugVE63UcOCsSCSAtGmOCg7+NV7h2S9GtqbWm66pufWeA93jc0N2gCGANI0G/jKjn8iOFJy9hSbJqtFcspZp9VsYQj7eF6vMeg7D2fsvP9FA+nJhM8Hoyxw5/RR17Q7XDNQ5pNhXZDatLX5mRCbPqQ2dyD9WjM/oiw9pb9FDJmXodIU3ZkFBh8BMLocEvLU8cqaCbeYGaD2ZU9R5W6bFPJkGSAalJDuYnxtspQNejCbBNNhcRfTYTkleJBm0WOOmcg5TwMap06nkdyTDDCHSTMFddgaK/itu552mtMc9esJfb2L3ESCBOc5eSuVahKArUoKDiuwcbF9RiErB2y4NMSExqsQ7mKE2npmquhM/DoY15eBLnNcOEAFp5gyfcntpg1F/cU2VJrVjJAALadITJcd7oGiVYt3pb3bZ2CZIG92gnoucL2qLhUB2XtBGugcCIPvU46sDX4Nu2uHWdu6mKLnOqNaQ+XAjPScteQVas6Tqzg1sAzvMAQJ2idwhR3TnPcSZMn3rqhRIB5/JabVCRuwetTAGw0zskmdRmdG8t/mmnY002XTTVaHN2HiHAEElsZg65ShrayLnBrAXOcYAG88FFetNCtsVAQWkbWyQSOMbpXPkSmnFey0Y+2c4yaPeuNOm1okwGjIdBoEuJlGULR9Zw7thcXGAOpyBOiIvcHdbmK5aHfkBDj/ERkOiaC9E5v2Kw08Ey7O92LmkaubA4E8Ms0trVyTK3QJMqsopbBjlbLb2y7SG6e2hRadkOhoGZc45BVXEsOq0HllZha73jyIyK4G01we1xDgZB3gjQhX/DMQo4lT9XuYbXA8D9No8Rz5IuSqgODuzzkOhekdmu0Pd2DGtyI2geR2jPznzVauuxN22q6mGAgZ7ZMNI3Z8eSHu8Mfasd3jwdojZa0795MjgubNGOT6XtbHx/X7NaJ8UxYvcTMqxYh2DqttWXNJ/fSwOeGj2ZE+GNQNF56aqtnYjt3VsnhrpfQJ8TN7ebf0VIR4+icpW7K48QSCIK4K9k7SdjLfEqPruHObtkSWjIO5R+F3JeP3lB9JxZUaWuaYIOSp/KJHNAND2k6BzSegIn4L6Np9oKYAHJfOnqz4nu3wd+y6D8FdxcOoMp06tUd4KY2h+XWGk7yBAJXD5njvMlXo6vH4bUz2G8eJS54ncqQfTBYu1pXA/hYfk9dU/Slhx1NYdac/Ir1lKKI2j03BBB6hMqlAFebYd6UcLBE3Dm9aVT6NVkt/SLhT9L2kP3i5n/MAvN8hy5Wguh1cAaIFzBuXH/EFnUzp3VB86RVpn6rdKoHSRBHLP5KcW6Kx6I6j45jgUISM8ka9srh9um50NQtPRT2lEzB3ojuRwUts3xDqpTyaHSomuKGUBK61qVZxTbvSy6Cbxc1MWMrELrZD1KITOu9BVSvXUrGoW12pXdsTq4ASq5SznSNQoqCFDUYi67VE0blz2KQMuTSO2GhxAMA558VXnOdUqF7s5Mnqn9wgqjUHOlQrVgJXLlJWbGaicp2YzvnUgXsyMEAjUTvSKtLiSSSTqSrDTqDQ71DUsqczHzhBOgu5KhfYNc3ZfJGy7aaJMZGZhR4xcuqPLnb0yrFA1imjNp2aWO1QtDDlzRDWxkrPf4JQoWVOtWqft6nip02xAY7e7y+aq1OtKpO2rEglF17OiVqlJc3ZMOLgARkQSYBWErgGCCNQZHUJLKM97qXtK3og1CXu2ABOZMCJK8Z7T3ZrVtoxsjQD4pjivaQ1WCNYzHA71WajycyufxoSjuXYuVRiqWyGo3OVzslbfUXPeFdi6OZof8AZDtZcYfV7yiZafbpn2XD6HmvoejhFC8dTu6lu1lU02mXAOc0uEwd20NJXy9aVYqMJ0D2E9NoT8F75j3a0spbNN2zlmR9Fw+ZNqUY+n3XsthxSn16FfbLFads6oQ/a2Mmji46e5eSXF4+o4vcZJMo3HMR7xxnPPek66PGSxwpI2d8pdiaVkq5UfRXjDtLNw/efSb83o+l6GcXOtKm3rWZ9CVZySOc8/lZK9Jb6EcU/NbjrUd9GLtvoPxLfUtf8Sp/tpPlgvYaPMpU1tdPpmab3MPFri0+8Felf0H4j/8Aba/36n+2uX+hDEd1W1/v1B/00Pmx/pqZUbDtriFL2Lut0c7vB7nyE+s/S5iLID+5q/vU4J/wy35It3oUxIfjtj/+j/8AbUFT0N4oNBRd0qj6gJXkwvtoZch/hvpnpkxXtXDnTeHf5XAfNWzDPSXhlQgd93Z4VWuZ/mzb8V5NceizFWf/ABw792rS+rggq3YLE262lTyLXf8AK4qbx4Z9P+x1OZ9NW1/TrM26NRlQRqxwcPghLlxXzQzs/iVA7Tbe6pnixlQH3tTyx7fYrbZVS6o0brim6Y/fgO+KnHxuLuMrGjkrtHtFQIVwKo+Feli3eYuaTqR/Mw943zGTh5Aq5YdjFvcCaFZlTiGnMdW6jzXoY5NLZ0RnGXQPclKqxTm9CWVWAZ7hnHLepznbM0Q3OG1RSNYt8IE5mDHGEjpXrHSBk4bj9FJ2r7VPrTTb4aY3Df1VUoVH94CwS7OB5FUcVxOdzaZagQQmGDYAa5LjkyY5k8uAVSddXLT/AFR9y9LtsVbQtqcAbWwJHMiT8V5+aXGt9jq5dIU4pgYa9tCkxhcW7Uu0a3TacTn5Lz7E6hp1HMlpgx4dMuCY9pscqve87RG3GYMZNnw9M1V3GVXFHVj5JKMUh1b1g4SFMXIHCaZ2SdxOXlqji2FpaYIdAtYZqFwlF1moR4WTHB8QdUeRJmAGjoNAhqdKOqOKidTKpzdUJwV2DlcKZzFwWc1kFoicVNRaHMcI8Qh0/wBnQj3x71E+F1aVdl4nQ5Hocv5+SpHs55gpCzZU1xTLXEcCo00uxEa2U3OMvdTDHnMCJ4gaTzSlYklFS7HjNxuvZPquNpTYc7x7J0eC336fGFBVYQSOBTxgqEcqPsdy4JXblGVxzAclaIW1y4rml/IxohclYXLhz1CU0GjZXJS65xygwSXz0z+OiSXnaxxypM13nXrGg+KThKXSKRxyZYriEpvKzW6uA81Ur7E6xO1UqZcC4NGemTRmhRdk/qP1OqosDXbOqGJosj8VYNHT0BWOx0FsFjj1IA9xSD1sDWZWvWJ6fFMscfZRwCbytb1fatqbt3ia0/6UrdgVrO0LWkwjR1MvpuB4gscI8lOytGW7jK7JJzOa78clFA+NM7pVXAbO0XDdtHaI5bRzPmStuedCfkoJMrsMQcg8Cv4n2da5xcx+zOZBEjy4LeHYUyjn7TjvOUcgE8q05kHd9hCvpj9FOeZtUT+GKdglYDeEDjF65rQ3dEBNe7yUFe22hDgI4O/mpqrGqk0ilXHi1Q7baTGZ5Kz1cHpRk508Bp7yNEFgZEvyG0DkSJIB4LpU/raOVw+yTCKFlssDRBI1A47woqlNw1EdUxId0B/hBUVagN5jopci/EXPjefh+qHeBubP3yR1Rw3CTz09wUfenjHTJGw8QB9JwziFHlvM/fJHuIUD2JlI3EDqn7GSx+H1djb7shp0JynpKY4Uyma1PvB4NsbXQK4ekXtey6FOztaXhDgGwPE5x8LWtA6rpwQUuyOV8UeXvURRt/YVqNR1OsxzHt1adR7lDaWpqVGUxq9zW9NoxKLqNkO9m7p201r+UHqPsLVxZVKcbbHNnMTz6L20YVZW1BoNNngb4SQC+d7p1knevMcfv9ongoR8j5KpaGjjXFtlZWl0RmsIXQIaB4Jjc0DUIePxAHz3/GUvR1libqbdkAETOfPd98U0XQGrL1W9PV4fZtaA6l7vqEK/06YidKNsP4Kh/wBaxYk4oREDvTdif5Lb/Dd/3rj+mzE/y2/+G7/vW1iX4oPtBNj014jvp25/geP9aHr+l29qe2ymRwG00fNYsQXj4k/9Qqck9MiPpMqGJt2eT3fot/0jEj/28dHz82rFiZ4Yfg6z5F7JqfbygR4qVSePhdn7wp/+MbR+rnt/eaT55StrFP8Ax4MdeVkC6OPWbsxXZ/Edn5hMaFzTfHd1WHL8Lg5YsU54FHaZbH5MpOmg5lLepdnhJz5LFig3SOww8vuVwSPpAnLPPNYsWXRmdBhPLPf95qCoG8z/AJRw81ixR9ikBfwy3SBnHXeou6MS7LqfsrFidCvRFTtXPcG02l5PDL5pRUsKlnUd3wALgIAMmJO/9FtYu7x8alF2cuWVO/w2bicxEHeN/wBVGStrFzSVNovF2kwWsN6HJWLEUMYtH7jNYsRAQVB9/wDhD0nOZUbVpvc17HBzTwc0yCCsWKuOTXROcU+z0p9Sjjdvsu2ad9Tby8YG/mD8F59b4Nd0a4Pq9SaTxMNMZHMSctFtYtmyOML/AOEYx+/EbdosdcZaSZ0g6jySfAMErX1V1OmWgtaXEuMdABvJKxYhhgox0HPNuVC3ELGpRqOp1WlrmmCCENCxYupqnRFbRgKv3Zb0Y1bu3bcOrCiHyWtLC8lm58giJzI5RxWLFwef5E8ME4e2GJ//2Q==)
![Qué es la panspermia? - UstedPregunta](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![Teoria de la Panspermia by jesus alberto leandro mendez](https://0901.static.prezi.com/preview/v2/k7jydkabmqohban2mfciwvftat6jc3sachvcdoaizecfr3dnitcq_3_0.png)
Esporas llegadas del Espacio exterior que germinaron en la Tierra
La inmensa complejidad que el misterio de la vida conlleva, nos ha llevado a pensar en la posibilidad extraterrestre y en otros múltiples modelos que, de alguna manera, nos pudieran aclarar ese origen que tan afanosamente buscamos sin éxito…de momento. Algunas personas sienten que algo tan básico como nuestra propia existencia no puede deberse a un azar químico, y que barrer el problema bajo la alfombra con la palabra “accidente” es una manera de escabullirse. A veces se cita el principio de mediocridad: no hay nada especial o excepcional en nuestro lugar en el Universo. La Tierra parece un planetas típico alrededor de una estrlla típica en una galaxia típica. Si eso es así (que lo), ¿por qué no sería, también típica la vida en la Tierra?
Pero, a todo esto, por mucho que hayamos podido elucubrar sobre el tema, lo cierto es que, no podemos contestar la pregunta: ¿Por qué y cómo realmente, llegamos aquí, y, si también podemos estar en otros mundos?
![Prometheus y la panspermia dirigida: ¿Extraterrestres plantaron la vida en la Tierra? | Extraterrestres, Extraterrestre, Alien gris](https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTNgvP7960pg2g2vco021p0SFpoWANQ-46PSw&usqp=CAU)
![Panspermia](https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcRAKgKaeKLHAcyJot-Yj8Nj5N5IG57GvrCKGQ&usqp=CAU)
![Teoría Panspermia (vídeo) - ¡Eureka! Esto es ciencia](https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSecXkRW_U-Dzjw42U3yloy7ol0fLiC96Aoeg&usqp=CAU)
Pensar que la vida está solo en la Tierra… ¡Es descabellado y está fuera de la lógica!
La enorme variedad de formas, colores, comportamientos, composición…, que acompaña a los objetos, incluidos los vivientes, sería una consecuencia de la riqueza en la información que soportan las moléculas (y sus agregados) que forman parte de dichos objetos. Ello explicaría que las moléculas de la vida sean en general de grandes dimensiones (macromoléculas). La inmensa mayoría de ellas contiene carbono. Debido a su tetravalencia y a la gran capacidad que posee dicho átomo para unirse consigo mismo, dichas moléculas pueden considerarse como un esqueleto formado por cadenas de esos átomos.
![El carbono, la base de la vida](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![Tetrafluoruro de silicio - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia 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![Pentafluoruro de fósforo - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia 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![Trifluoruro de boro trigonal geometría molecular plana simetría molecular molécula de trifluoruro de cloro, moléculas de aceite, diverso, simetría png | 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)
El carbono no es el único átomo con capacidad para formar los citados esqueletos. Próximos al carbono en la tabla periódica, el silicio, fósforo y boro comparten con dicho átomo esa característica, si bien en un grado mucho menor.
Refiriéndonos al silicio, señalaremos que las “moléculas” que dicho átomo forma con el oxígeno y otros átomos, generalmente metálicos poseyendo gran nivel de información, difieren en varios aspectos de las moléculas orgánicas, es decir, de las que poseen un esqueleto de átomos de carbono.
![](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_XGCz7tfLmd0/TDN9qgF_ufI/AAAAAAAAGYg/O6FyepZtkbg/s1600/vida%2520silicio.jpg)
El silicio podría configurar muchas formas y, no creo que entre ellas se puedan encontrar las vivientes, ya que, el átomo de silicio no llega a tener las amplias propiedades que tiene el Carbono. Sin embargo, no son pocos los que opinan que puede existir alguna clase de vida basada en el silicio y, desde luego, aunque no lo crea probable tampoco tengo conocimientos suficientes para poder negarlo. ¿quién sabe lo que por ahí fuera pueda existir en esos mundos perdidos en la lejanía del espacio?
![Podría existir vida que no esté basada en el carbono? – Ciencia de Sofá](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dqwH8CbNuyc/WhbmHLwhr2I/AAAAAAAAI28/d0R9b9T750YtM2cTp98_nQ61ndQ0CYB-QCLcBGAs/s1600/fosforo%2BADN.jpg)
El mundo de los silicatos es de una gran diversidad, existiendo centenares de especies minerológicas. Esas diferencias se refieren fundamentalmente a que el enlace químico en el caso de las moléculas orgánicas es covalente, y cuando se forma la sustancia correspondiente (cuatrillones de moléculas) o es un líquido, como es el caso de los aceites, o bien un sólido que funde fácilmente. Entre las moléculas que lo forman se ejercen unas fuerzas, llamadas de Van der Waals, que pueden considerarse como residuales de las fuerzas electromagnéticas, algo más débiles que éstas. En cambio, en los silicatos sólidos (como en el caso del topacio) el enlace covalente o iónico no se limita a una molécula, sino que se extiende en el espacio ocupado por el sólido, resultando un entramado particularmente fuerte.
![](http://www.monografias.com/trabajos48/nanotecnologia/Image4453.gif)
Una particularidad que tienen en común todos los organismos vivos de la Tierra, desde las bacterias hasta los seres humanos, es que toda la vida que se puede encontrar en nuestro planeta es orgánica o, lo que es lo mismo, está compuesta por moléculas basadas en el carbono. Si en otros mundos pudiera existir otra clase de vida… No lo sabemos. Son embargo, si pensamos que el Universo es igual en todas partes…
![Desvelado el origen de las diferentes formas de los cristales de hielo - Diario de Noticias de Navarra](https://fotos02.noticiasdenavarra.com/2020/05/20/690x278/hielo.jpg)
Al igual que para los cristales de hielo, en la mayoría de los silicatos la información que soportan es pequeña, aunque conviene matizar este punto. Para un cristal ideal así sería en efecto, pero ocurre que en la realidad el cristal ideal es una abstracción, ya que en el cristal real existen aquí y allá los llamados defectos puntuales que trastocan la periodicidad espacial propia de las redes ideales. Precisamente esos defectos puntuales podían proporcionar una mayor información.
![La demanda de Nanotubos de Carbono, impulsada principalmente por los vehículos eléctricos, registrará un crecimiento explosivo de un promedio anual de 34% - World Energy Trade](https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTn-wkfAf7U_AJsKaPGhaqyHT--fmXpwW4E8w&usqp=CAU)
![Nanotubos de carbono y nanoparticulas contra el cancer. | Inteliciencia](https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTlJOJrNRLmKzvUkzxeT9es3eAnmp7KL0C3Ew&usqp=CAU)
![Asombroso comportamiento del agua dentro de nanotubos de carbono - Nanotecnología](https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcRuFN3sbXO_iso9S6ZQGv5tGSqTZ46lvJIBBQ&usqp=CAU)
![Nanotubos de carbono para detectar explosivos - Nanotecnología](https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcS_Uut-hQHi-t3EQ--Lm4coRid_Xix2lmewvw&usqp=CAU)
Nanotubos de carbono
Si prescindimos de las orgánicas, el resto de las moléculas que resultan de la combinación entre los diferentes átomos no llega a 100.000, frente a los varios millones de las primeras. Resulta ranozable suponer que toda la enorme variedad de moléculas existentes, principalmente en los planetas rocosos, se haya formado por evolución de los átomos, como corresponde a un proceso evolutivo. La molécula poseería mayor orden que los átomos de donde procede, esto es, menor entropía. En su formación, el ambiente se habría desordenado al ganar entropía en una cierta cantidad tal, que arrojarse un balance total positivo.
![](http://www.monografias.com/trabajos48/nanotecnologia/Image4460.gif)
El Carbono es tan importante en nuestras vidas que, incluso podría incidir en nuestro futuro.
No puedo dejar pasar la oportunidad, aunque sea de pasada, de mencionar las sustancias.
![Sustancias Puras - AreaCiencias](data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxASEBUQEBAVFhUXFhYVFRYXFxUXFhcYGBgXFxUXGBYYHSggGholHRYYITEhJSkrLi4uFx8zODMuNyguLisBCgoKDg0OGxAQGy8mHyItLS0vLS0vLy0tLS0vLS0tLS0tLS0vLS0tLi0tLS0tLS0tLS0tKy0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLf/AABEIALwBDAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAbAAACAgMBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABgQFAQMHAv/EAEYQAAIBAgMDBwcJBgcAAwEAAAECAwARBBIhBTFBBhMUIlFhkRUyUlNxgdEWI0JicpKTobEHFzNUwdI0gqKjsuHwQ2RzJP/EABkBAQADAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgMEBf/EADIRAAICAQMDAgMHAwUAAAAAAAABAgMRBBIhEzFRFEEiYaEFFTJTcbHhUoHBI0LR8PH/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AO40UUUAUUUUAUUUUAUUUUAUUUUAUUUUBpxshWN2G8KxHtAJFKcG38UyhgU1+r/3TTtL+DJ9h/8AiaTeTrLzRB4Mf0FawSwzSCWGTfLWK7V+7/3R5axXav3f+6XdubTxaYgxwreMmLKebzZQLGa545gwA7LGtI2pjJI2IR4m5+EIOaQ5oJpUQNbrWKqXOtiMoLAVPHgnjwNHlrFdq/d/7o8tYrtX7v8A3SfHtXHHMLEtzzIAqKGyK0ovaSFUW4VNczA34Xr3h9u4z5q8LP1o2lKxZQI+bi5zz8pzB5CbAFvm2GXeQ+HwMrwNvlrFdq/d/wC6tNhbSkkLLLa+8EC2nEVC6nZUnZrKJVtxuPyqJJY7BpYL6iiisjIKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKxWaKAKKKKAjbS/gyfYf/ia5vgcZkW195vXS8VFnRkvbMpF/aLVzyX9n2NLEjHRC50HMtoOA8+tqnHnczapr3PS7VHHWvXlZez860/u7xv8/H+C399H7u8b/Px/gt/fW2a/Jp8Hk3eVl7Pzo8rL2fnUQcgcbnKdOj0UNfmW4lh6f1a2/u7xv8/H+C399M1+R8Hk9+VO+rPk5i+cxKgcAxPuHxIqp/d3jf5+P8Fv76Y+SHJeTCF3mnErtYAqhQKu87ybkn9KpNw28MrNxxwxoorFZrmOcKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKKKKAKK1zTKozMQB2nQVp8ow+tTxFTghyS7kqsE1G8ow+tTxFYO0YfWp4imGRvj5MJtFSAQkhBFwebfUHdwr105fQk/Df4VH2fjohDGDIoIRAQSNCFFxUjyjD61PEUwxuj5Dpy+hJ+G/wrHTl9CT8N/hWfKMPrU8RW+KUMLqQR2jdUEqSfYj9OX0JPw3+FHTl9CT8N/hUuihJE6cvoSfhv8ACjpy+hJ+G/wqXRQFauJ+dZubksUUfw23guTw7xW/py+hJ+G/wqXRQETpy+hJ+G/wo6cvoSfhv8Kl0UBE6cvoSfhv8KOnL6En4b/CpdeJZAoLE2AFye4UBH6cvoSfhv8ACjpy+hJ+G/wrwNrQesWs+VoPWLVd8fJfpy8M9dOHoSfhv8K3YeYOuZb21GoINwSCCD3g1H8rQesWo+C2lCFIMgHXkPuLsR+Rpvj5HTl4LWioXlaD1i0eVoPWLTfHyOnLwTaK04fFI4ujA+yt1Snko1juFFFFSAooooAooooAorFFAVXKf/DN7V/5CqnDYfMitbeAatuU/wDhm9q/8hS1iXc4JkiZg5QhShAe9+BLLr/mXuIOtax/CcNuHdh+Cy6MtHRlpf2emOvGrxygEwszGVGVFVWEiMTIXLGynTMDm1Y2JrRgNk4p8OqznEB1nFm6TIjvC2TnGfmpyL6MLBjaxKhQcoZZbpxGfoy0dGWld4NqG7WYG8syrzqlSHQhcO2uhWwsRcBmBDEXrbFhsYCcy4gyWTr8+nNFQ0RyiPPo4UPdrC/W1a4FNw6aGTondVrsZCoZeG8f1pY2DNiVEgxQsS3OL1w+UOLmK/DKb9osQATwY9kTZnOvD+opLOCa1FT4LeisUVkdZmisUUBmisUUBmisUUBmom1v4En2G/Q1KqLtX+BJ9hv0NVl+FlofiQqbLhzxg9lxUo4QVC2PPlQi/wBL+gqLt/Z5xLRssio0YkszX05wKjEd+TOPeK8+Ci8ZPYt3qTwWvR17R4is9GXtHbv4UrYXk08QcRthiWjVFZjcJlhjhtzZjIbzCRc21Fwba7RyaURtEi4VQYjGpJZ3h+YaELG5AJU5s5J4u+hJvWvTh5MOpZ4GXogrPQu6qp8JM88M7yxIYdFRGLBg9xLmYqDquWwtvUX7riTFKDow8apKMUXjKbJmxosjnsI/Td/Wryl7ZeIBlUX7f0pgrqo/DwcOpTU+TNFFFbHOFFYrNAFYrNFAYrNFFAVHKkgYVyfq/wDIVz0bbTcGrq0qBhZgCOwi4rSMFF6tPuj4VtXYorDRwarSztlujLH9jnK8qbC2ZfCs/KrvXwro3Q4vVp90Vg4KL1afdHwq/Wh/SYeh1H5n0OdfKrvXwo+VXevhT7s7Bx8zGebXzE+iPRFSehxerT7oqOtD+kei1H5n0/k5jLygViSWGvwtTfyIfnEeXgTlU9tt9vebe6r7oUXqk+6K3RoFFlAA7ALCqztUlhI10+jsrnunPP8AY90UUVieiFFFFAFFFFAFFFFAFRNq/wACT7D/APE1Lry4uLVDWVglPDyceblBCpKiVdD2isfKOH1q+IrrnQ4vVp90fCjocXq0+6PhXH6P5ntfetf5f1/g5H8o4fWr4ij5Rw+tXxFdc6HF6tPuj4VHwWEjs3za+e/0R6R7qej+Y+9avy/r/Byv5RxetXxFHyjh9aviK650OL1afdHwo6HF6tPuj4U9H8x961fl/X+BN5BYkTyvIpuqDLfhmbhftt+op5rxFEqiygD2C1e66a69kcHl6m7rWOaWPkFFFFaGAVmsUUBm9YqBteZkC5Ta7WPhULn5fTP5Vzz1KhLbgjJeVF2r/Al+w/8AxNVvPy+mfyrzJJIwKsxIIII01B31T1cfDGS18nQ+rXwrHk6H1a+FVvPy+mfyrPPy+mfyp6uPhjJY+TofVr4UeTofVr4VW8/L6Z/KrXBylkBO/ca0rvU3hIJngbNgGnNL4UeTofVr4VB5T4t4olZGKnOASLbrNf8ASqrpeJ9a35fCuuNTkskOWHgY/J0Pq18KPJ0Pq18KXOl4n1rfl8KOl4n1rfl8Kt0WRvGPZf8AAj+wv6VKpQjnxCgKsrAAWA03eFeul4n1rfl8KdFjeNtFKXSsT61vy+FMGyJ2eIZzdgbE9vYfCqyrcVklSyTqxWaxWZYBRS1g8fK7SLnPVdhw3XNv/d1S+dl9M/lVdx0PTyXuXVQI8LG7yl1BOcDXsyJUTnZfTP5V5VpASQ51Nz3mwH6AU3EdB+Sy8nQ+rXwo8nQ+rXwqv52X0z+VHOy+mfyqdw6D8lh5Oh9WvhQNmweqXwqLhJ3zgM1wdKtKZMpwcXhkXyfD6tfCjyfD6tfCoS4p8zjMeqzeFzXjyj9c+Fcj1ta7miokyw8nQ+rXwrzs5AvOKBYCQ2HZ1VqD5R+sfCvKY0C9mIubnTef/Co9dWT6eReXoql8o/XPhR5R+ufCnr6x6eRdXoqtweLLHeSNxqzroqtViyjKcHF4ZVbf8xftf0NQsZjBHC8uW+SNnte18qlrX4bqm7f8xftf0NUTYoEWNiCLEHUEcQR2V5uptULnkybSZ52dtyR2VJYFQtHJJ5znRDELWZFOvOH7vfpVxcs5BDDPLhQqyAsbO5KrzYcEZo1zXZlXTt38Klrg8KtgMLAMpzL81GMradYdXQ9Vde4V6hgw6CyYeFQTc5Y0Fz2mw7h4VHq6fBG5EOPlfOY5JOhraOLOfnH8/mhJkzc3lAuwFye+1SY+U0smsMEZAxAw5zyMrBiiMbhY26yszKRfQp4e2gw5bOcPCWtlzc2ma1rWva9raWqRz6eiurZzoPOtbN9q2l99Hq6fZE70GxtvGdlDRKokiM0ZVy5yhgtpFyjI3WXQFtzC+mrPs5rg+2lWFo0LMiIpc3cqqgse1iN59tMWwWLIW7Tp7q1098bLMRCllkPlp/hx/wDoP0aqHam0XjjhKtkDA55OaaXLaMsoyr2sBqeyw1YGr3lp/hx/+i/o1K8e07AAHcAK96qDlXx5KSkoyK7aG2cWpkyXLDnbR8zIAqrA0iS5idbyBRb62XzgTUdNs7RdyqoRfIB1LWYJOJLlyBl52Ef5WFt4NXnlUdlHlYdlX6UiOpEqsbtvFqCoHzis+f5t8oXnIlQhiCLFXJvruOmhrfHtTE87Ame6urBiqMxDfOWYsQq5QFG7UHeLMCJ3lYdlHlYdlT0pDqRK+Pa+MSNi7m98XkPR3fM0Mpjgjyp6ajN2tfqkWroWxJLqbix6pI7CQbikw7V7NKZ+SMpeN3+sAPcL/wBaytrcY5ZaM03wMFYoorlNRL2W5E+It2sR7Qxt+tUkW0NpEJ0jnYlMWGaR4IDNIrMs5kIQwHrl1jDKEbICN2a4tcJKEnmJP02H+o3qy8ppWaZ6t1UpNNeF+wrLtDavOKrLIAz4W9oRlVBzXSNcptn57tOXm3sRlNbMLtDHmO7tiL5UOIPRgGgkJPOJhl5o88g7bS6AG7XtTL5TSjymn/jU5Rn0J/MU49p7RLrm6So6OSq8wTnkBnALkYQhWIWJspaLzh1RcijEbS2lmVXM6BSFd4sOWDkRxHMuXDTEKxZjbKLEFcwy6tnlNP8Axo8ppTKI9PP5mnk9jsQ8swnidVzh4CygDJdky6a36gezdb53sApupZgxqvIqqd5ApmqyfBz3wcWsiFyhhxrSzdEfKOYxANxcs+dMgQ84uR7ZrOQwGulUcez8Y0OLDc+JCJGgIldesDJzQVhiWFtV0yRjdcHg7O9pJO8sPzNR8veK8CWpcVtSXf8AydUYe4nz7NxnOTLGZ8paNYmM0hAjzQ5znOKvewk/+MNvs2uvqPCY4ABueJAIjKzDLG/OyXaUtJmliyGO2bMbK11BNN2XvFGXvFVerk/9qJ6QmY/B49hIqrL1sududur/AP8ARGTzSCZcq8znBAMZ4HMTcbThNoAdQyZSI1ys4DLlRruCZXOraEF23qb6Gm7L3ijL3ip9XLH4UOkvLF7YMO0UWLKjnJKJJuclILgiNCihp5s3VMrWLIuZV0B39MU0u4N7HLfeRTEK9XR29SOcHHfHayJtLAiZcpYrre4t/WqnyFHGyEyMxLAAG1vbu4UxUtcrNo8xLhmPm5zfxW/5E1pZparJbpLLOdpM2nkym8zP/p+FHyXT1z+C/CofKjaM8USSO/NqzhcqEXAsTZpO3T6Nra6nfSFi9pxvjIQFz55UQq5MpIdgu97kkXveph9kUTTltKNRXsdI+S6eufwX4UfJdPXP/p+FWI2NhwLJGE74rxHxjIJqt2ltg4MqJHMqMbHQc6mm/Swcd1gfadKxX2bp32h+5bbE9fJdPXP/AKfhVzhMMI0CLuAt3+00YTFJKiyRsGVhdWG4it9a1aWqp5hHBKSXYrdvbKGJi5ouya3zLa+4jjpxpWk5BxR2dsVMwBHVOQBtdxst7Gnul7ltijFh1cesW/gx/UV2RtnFYTKSqjJ5aK3GcgkkkaQ4uYZiTYCOw7AOruA091av3dR/zk/+3/bV+00ssfOB+bjIBXLlMjA6gljdVB7ACd2oOgqsH0ZpLTKj98x5wi/fITarrUWY7lehDPYi/u6j/nJ/9v8AtrH7uo/5yf8A2/7aaF2RhfoQov1oxzbe50sR7jWGhmj1jbnF9W5Gb/JJ29z3v6QqPU2+R6evwLP7uk/nJ/8Ab/tpr2Rs5MPCsKEkKN53knUk95NbcHilkW6njYgizKeKsOB1HjUiqztnNYky0KoxeUgrBrNFZmgoY/kUJJGk6XKmYlrAJYX14rWs8j1lSMripVCrYWydbU3c3Xzj4aCmfa8mWCUjeI3t7bG1K2zNuk4VSHCqt1JWxctfddhZRYrwJ14VWdka47pdjrhqtRJpRfbsHyBH87P4R/20fIEfzs/hH/bUTG7WVHBaNJl4iQF27wGcm36U0Q4DDPGskUSLmUMrIoRrEX0ZLEH31hTq67s7PY3sv1leHKXf/vgohyCH87P4R/20fIH/AO7P4R/21PbHSwt1WLr6Dm5t9WTf97Nfu31cbL2lHOmeM8bEHRlPFWHA/rcEaVpXfCbwu5Ser1UeXIqNh8k1w8vOmeSQgEKGy2BPHQDWmSis1qclls7JbpvLKXF7EVmZzKwuSTa1hxPCtabHWRVYSMBbQC3adfbW/lHtKOKJlZ7O6uEXixCkmw7BxO7Udoqh2ZiTiYFTpLxi2VebOWxBsczDrE+wjQj21yegok38Pcnr2JLkuPk8vrn/ANPwo+Ty+uf/AE/ClXYfIKWPE9Jxs6TqoOVSCwYkZczB9Nx3a68dNa3lPicZEwGCw8qE7ngDZLg6XRRkNwfpCq/dunxnZ+//ACdSc5WquFmc+/ZfUfPk8PXP/p+FHydHrn/0/CtWz9o4iGGI40oWKrzhUWZGIBOZRow71+7bUX8bhgCCCCLgjcRwINR926f+n9zneosTxuKzBbFWNw+dmtuBtb26CrUUVmummiFS2wWEZTnKbzI8u4AJJsALk9lJHKbYs+0YLxyqj5s6K4YWSxCrp5rNfM11JvYfR1atsDMgj9Y6oe9SbuPeisPfVHtHFPHMxUjq9Yi9tOFdEI7uCpYYbYKtgUwmKJl6gEjFmJL7ywbeLNu7ABVbsPkFgcJMJ1zvIL5DK4bJfS6gAC9tLm5q32Bt2LFK2TRkIDqd4J3HvB117qmY6Asum+mZR+HOCOO5vYXGlL+3OS64pCrSFTe6sN6nt7/ZVHjNuNG0kTSMpXQWNjfQ+FjUzkBylkxTTwyHMYshD8Sr5gAbcRkOvfWvTnBb0RlPgOTWwptmX5zFc9FI4BXJlERbqq46x3kqG4ag6WN3IVqxeHWSNo23OpU+xhY/rUfYmIMkCM3nZQG+0NG/MGudybeWWJ1LG39mS4+CVI5AgvkjLBiCUbruQCN7LlB10BOuarjbmK5rDyyA2Ko2U/WtZfzIqkl5Uw4ZVQxtzYQBSrKxAA0BHsHbQlJt4XuVDNLszZsUU8meR5Cha7MijUqq33DKotu1JpN5S7aOrQhQGXK43+8Xrq8UmD2lhc1hLC+8EEEFTx4qwNV+F5EbNWRX5gkqQQGeRluNxKsbH30aTWGdFVvQsjLbys5TK3knPicHsUyzIxZA7xoblghPUBG+3G3ZVNh+Ve0YsRz02fozC/NyBA4BHnIFAI9h4V0vamE52B4gbFlKg9hI0PjXC+UuMlidsPNpIpyldd3BgeIPCnHdm9U53ynGFacpc58L5HVBta7LioxcZRnAHnxb797LfMPeOOjVG4YAg3B1BG40scmokw2Aw5nXLJzKXWxLXCi4y779tS+RmPWbDXQEKruiq3nBVYhAe8LlozgcWs/IvqKKj4+cpE7jUqrMB2kAkChBR7RxiySMG8xCVS+qtILhnYXFwp6oFxqGPYQu8nuRcyLOsmJVlcLzWUtlB3lmQ7joo3nS+tZ5bYxsIUiyXjMQUOeLA9a59LcfeaUMVt4skSQjK62CFfOLX0tbUm9cljy3CSymcM/tLoWYXdDN8k8cz5Cqqt9XzAi3cN/5Cui4HDCKJIl3IoUewC1GBLmJDILPkXP9qwzfnVTyh5QLAQgZQ7BmBa5AA4WBFyb0p01WnTcT09VrpWRTs7IqOWE7wzK40VlsDwvc5h4Wqi5O46YYsNAC2hMqjcyAE/ev5vebbiaYuSu3l2gJYMREjFLHQXRlJIBs17EWq5ZsLhAFREQtchVABa288K51ov8AW6ylx3wa1faVU9LjHf3LPDyq6h1NwQCD2g6g14x2KWKNpH81QSfgO87qquSm0EljkEd8qSuoB0IB64X3BgPdXjldhzMi4cFLOSz52Kgog7RqDnaM+6vSXJyRlF4fsLGDiG1M0gAEscgEmY9aIi5URlb5oraW0zdYmxNVZwEuy0l6TPcMyGPIGK2vYkq30ibC1zYDfTryO2FBgoGMcmcuc0j3DC4+ipHAeJ99Vny1gmxKYR4A8cgbMT1smX1qEaDT3GrbsHZ0lOxutNwjzh+Pci8jeUDz4aeWQZQXCoOBKi7lb+1Rbuq85ObRQm2bViwA4hlvdSOBqTyh2Ak+FMETCErrGygAIfYPoncapuRPJCTDSPPicQJXaxULfKDYgvc72I093hbdxhmUq6pKVkXt54j34/UUcRtDaBxRTE3iCEl7gkSkHq82Tvvp5u4U/wCyJmw8iYeRurKMyKd8b2LFPYQGIHAq3aAIuK5a4cTiEZG6zqGJ1zobEWtpex1vw76reUmy8ViWjx+EmUKuSV4mJBvEc3VIGtwLW7++o3fBwaWx33LqJQ+Hjjv/AOnQRRWrCyhkDDcQDW6qnKQNqL1oG4LNc++ORB+bCkbl3szHLiGmw8TSpIBcJqyMAFIK77G170+7Uw5kiZV0bRkJ3B1IZCe7MoqNsfayzL6Lbip3gg2ZSPSBBBHaDWlU3B7kQ1kVv2YbAxUHPYjFKUaXKFjNrhVzHM1txJbd3U+UCo2Ox0cS3drd3E+4VE5OyWQuELfK3kVFjHEomaGS1mKgMGA3XU21HaDU/klyWgwERSIs7Oc0kjWzMRuGmgUa2Hea07P2n0iXqm4vw4UyVacppbGwsdxc2zyhyO8aMFKAXJF7sQDbuFjUnkfIWwiO297v3dcltO7Wknl3sWSTFZoJMplZEZTfsALqe0KCSPq10fZmGEcSoBYAAAdgAsBSxRSWO5Czkq+XEDvs/EJH5xjJXW2oIO/hurkuKweOnYwcw4bcc3VUf5jp4V3PEwh0ZGGjKVPsIsf1pYweHJbreehySfaW1zbgGFmHcwrNGkbHFpr2eTbyB5PPgsJzUjAuzmR7XygkAAAnfYKNe29WeMbKb3sKslGg9lKf7RNpJBAmcsod8uYC9rAsAfaQKjODTE9Rb5lJm/H8sMPhyFmEluLhbqo7Txt3gGrwwRSFZCiMQLq1gSL8Qa4OdrTYthCFLyscqADzr6A24d/AV3rAYURRJENyIqD2KAP6VPHsLqpUycJLEl3OYcpOVVsVL18rI7QhLEWVbjNf6xufYRTP+zKXPhWk4NI5HuOX9VNSeUvJjZzlsXiYMzKBezMpc6BVIUjMSbKL9oFWPJnACHDqgUDiQostzq1h2XJqMk3OlpOtNPHP6/Itqh7Z/wAPL3Ix8Bc/pU2vMiAgqRcEEEdoO+hgQdpzQZLShWBPmkBrnhodKpY9tYZZ1V8OqEWVZAFNuAF7DKPZVbtHZ2IaMqt2eJspHFgBo3tKkN7yKoMLs7E4iURiJxqMzMpUKOJueNuFeNdqtT1VGMeD06dHp5QcpSR0TaGMaxC0kcpsPmVZpYy6oesASOqd97cLgV0Toi8a2LAo3AV6Uq3LueJfR1U02cp/ZxI7bRJgW0WRudtqoH/xgn0r7vfUzl7jY5MQ6l2SSEBFtubMA5uN/wBLhXR4DELomUdqrYeIFUXKjkzgp74ifOpVesyGxYDcCLG54DjwqXW9m1M5JaSSo6UHnkqf2TK3R5SeMzEd9lRf1B8Km8vopyEMDKp5uVbte3WaE8AeCsfdVpyQ2asGGVFXKNTlve2YliLnfqTrUjb6sIjLGud4iZFT0rKyso7yrMB32rWvjB3VRdUEvH+BL/Z1suc9LaWVSshQDJe2cXJYXFr+bWzZ3JsDFO5kOaTqyEADMOzuJ4njYVRbM2/JNiYTzrRjUsVYhW0J8zzbcLWqxx3KSWJpbMrMoQhgADlZspNu3hf6wrpjHauOxzz+1Hfutlx7PHGUvkWv7Rdtz4QRCKMlGBAYbhICAgb3E27deys8kEmmQ55BdSC+W+UMwuVX2f1ql5P7YlkadzOwBtlRjzi3NydHvw00rRjOVcghSNQqqRKp5vqDMrZfo23b7fWF6iMHFP5k2faNUqIy2Yxnn3fgvdpcgI2nMkaRgM2dmObMDe7WXdqdeG+rOWCXDxufoqjHTdYKaWsDt6aHArKMQWIzMVfraX0AY67hxvXmfas+NxfRSTlD5myswXmltcEDQh7ga7w/ZR7orkS1nU2t5bfH6HRNjKRBGDwUD8qm1rgTKoFbK50dgUm8s9iyZWmwyZietIg8+4Fs8fadBdeNrjW4ZyqFhdpwyEhXU2eSPzkN2iNpLAG/VOhvqCPZVoycXlENFN+z3aUuIwEck1y2aRLneQjsoJ79LH7NLHLzbMmGxT57hHVch4EADMt+0G+neO2nqfZyli8UjROdSUIs32kYFWPeRfsIrRPBiWGVxh5V4BkIv7QWIJ9wrSFqjPdj+wayhM/ZGZZZMTiCpERCKhO5nBbNl9gsCe8dldEx2OjiXNI1huGhJY8AqjVj3CqmFsS4tHJAigsnUW5BU2YAscosdPNNbF2fFFmnxEhYqCWkc3so1Y9irpeygDuqllm+W4JYNOy8C0spxMq5eEaaHIvG5G9jYXtoLADdcsNeAwH6V7qpIVWbQwjK/PxLdgLOmg5xRusToHFza+huQeBWfJMqkBmAJ0AJAJsLm3boL1gYhCocMpU2s1xlN9BY7qA8YTFpIuZDcbjoQQeIZTqp7jrUHlA+DMfN4zIUcgBGF8x3iwGt9OHZW7E4CORi6MUkGmeMgMCBoGG5rX81gRrupc2tyZxEt4+ko5YlrunznDXMrDQXG4C2lC0GlJN/QtuTGD2fGrDApGoBs+UdcHsYt1vGrjEYhI1LuwVRvJNgKRuS3JTF4Bpn6VGecC5iyHq5c2ty9r9beaZYdiXYSTyNKw1Ga1h9lQAq9lwL9pNQnwaajb1HtlleX3NEWfFyK7KVhQ3RWFmY7s7DhpeynUXuddFvlAAtXlcq2QWGhIHEgWvp7x4ivdDEzWKzRUgg4zDsGE0QuwFmW9s6jW1+DC5IPeRuNxVY3lEmqxkBlF2zA3U+iVOoPtpiqs2tsODEfxF6wFg6kq4/zDeO43HdWN8ZyhiDwzSpwUvjWUV3JvlEZ5DDIAHALKRuYDfpwOtWHKaaRMJK8V84UkW399u+16p9m8lpMNPz0Uok6pUCQai5FzdCBw7Ks8XDjZBlvEg4kBmPu6wqmnjbGrFjyydX05N9LhNHJJNvM2JjmQhGUrqLbrjNft0v7a6NsNsXi1U4oBUVsyi2Vnt5jSLwtvC9tibEC0nZ3I6BJOecB5PSIW49gAAB77X76Y40CiwFhV663E87S6aVWXKWcmUUAWFZIoBorY7Dm/LPkukF8Vh8Pm+czvYscoN83UB8y5vcC414blCKREMjyKwkIsoIFsrDUMrDUEbvceyu7EUq7e5B4XEkuM0Tne0ZsDx1Qgrx3gA99aRsxwzzNXoHY91bw/HsJEuzIoIA+XrSIourOSrHcMhve5IGh9g1qvwCxOIoFXz3BkDgFb7rrazL1b3ykXtTVjv2e4plVFxYIW1iVYG43HRuGnhW4fs7ZpRK0xQ6EiKwBb6TdbNa51sNNdKu7ImM9DZJrHGPqLW1tnopTCRRksWJAQls63187zQNNTprvroPJHk+IFzsOsQB22Vb5EzWuQtzYntO4WAsNlcn4YPNXU7ySST7WNyffVsKynPd+h6FWmjXJy9zNFYrNVOkwaUP3f4fT52RiA1zJlkLM6xrI13vYNzSXQWW2YWs1OFFAJ6fs+wwZHztmRo2DZUBGSWGUBSB1VvDlAHmq5Ar1s7kHBC8MiyvmicupyoNCkSMtlAXrCFSxtcksdNLN1FAJW1uRHPYjPmHNsJRITlMi850i4iBjOW/SDc5hfItwba7sVyFSR1eTFSFhz30Y11mSVH81d1pdxv5i992+igFAcgcOCWEsmbpAxAYkkhgXOgJtf5wi9t1rg2pvoooCi5UbCbFc2VkCNGWKtluQWGUka6HKWH+aquDkfKmRFxNo0CAIA4UBCpCBM2QLdc18ua5320pxooBOwPJTFR5c20JJbSF2zlwDcx6gRMhv1G6rFl+cNwdxjtyPxrRsGx/zhQxiQLJdVMeES6EyEg3wrOdSC0h9tPNFALEHJ2cJiUkxRkWdUyhgW5tgDnIJPmm46vC2/cBXYXk/tBudviGjuzKC7SOWVhIDIAspCN1kItYdU9UaU8UUAkz8kMWxkbygwZ2coyhrxq74dmRMxNlIgIO/wDiHfbW22FsKeCYyPi5JVMUaFZCWOdFRc4OgF8pJAGpa+hvdgooAooooArn2Bw+2YyGIkbJGVs8iPnMksUkjZS4BdEaREzEC8euhF+g0UAk4eXbQlQmFCryqZczLZF5rCghAGOVb9IuBezAHUedthxm1+bjEmHOdgokIEKiM5ouc3TElcplyka9UXHEuNFAJAxe21uFwwKrzAXM0ReTquJ+tnsuojNyCfO3Xut0cbielTxqmeOOASIBYFpGuFizE2uObY62/ip2Ve0UAi4NNsQhUKZsqsGKcy6uzSxu0il2jYtlkdQGAF42JvoWkQz7c85o4b5fMyjLn5r0+cvl5zuvYe8uVFALGzMTtMzxCaEcy3OByRGroBm5tnCyMCTZRZd178bLWwYXaQzZFnUkyZjJKrhiZWMTxLzpyqI96nKDddDY2eaKAS8ANsL8yVUIvMKsrESSMCYuec5nuWAMt7k6hbX3HZBiNslWLxRIQ7kAZWzKo6qjriwY7jv334U4UUAkwz7cDFObQqEmtI4jzF80/NjIjgW0hI1Gha4B3NOxpJmgjbEJklKjOtwbH2roe3TtqbRQBRRRQH//2Q==)
![Qué son las moléculas? Icarito](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Las así llamadas, son cuerpos formados por moléculas idénticas, entre las cuales pueden o no existir enlaces químicos. Veremos varios ejemplos. Las sustancias como el oxígeno, cloro, metano, amoníaco, etc, se presentan en estado gaseoso en condiciones ordinarias de presión y temperatura. Para su confinamiento se embotellan, aunque existen casos en que se encuentran mezcladas en el aire , como en la imagen que sigue.
![See Explanation. Clicking on the picture will download
the highest resolution version available.](https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1109/m42_vargas_900.jpg)
En lugares como este, podemos encontrar los más variados elementos y sustancias que la química estelar ha elaborado para que sea posible que esa dinámica universal nos lleve hasta la vida. La radiación ultravioleta de las estrellas jóvenes masivas que surgen de estas inmensas nebulosas ionizan los átomos del material circundante que brillan. Los vientos estelares conforman figuras extrañas y a veces adquieren una exótica belleza conformando figuras increíbles.
![Detectan urea en el espacio, clave para entender el origen de la vida | Futuro | Agencia EFE](https://estaticos.efe.com/efecom/recursos2/imagen.aspx?-P-2fL4Jfo8HOMiGdnoGfMaCibaQ-P-2bYWnt1i4Q4TncnkXVSTX-P-2bAoG0sxzXPZPAk5l-P-2fU5UqQftjLIvn7X8igD3-P-2b9lMGg-P-3d-P-3d)
La química no es una exclusiva de los tubos de ensayo de los laboratorios. Acordaos de que ya en 1969 fueron descubiertas miléculas de amoníaco y agua en el espacio exterior. ¿Cómo llegaron allí? Los astrónomos saben desde hace mucho tiempo que el espacio no está completamente vacío, Los vacíos interestelares contienen nubes más o menos densas de gas y polvo en las que nacen las estrellas y los mundos y, las energías presentes por medio de vientos estelares, radiación UV y la Gravedad, hace que transformaciones químicas se produzcan para cambiar unos elemetos sencillos en otros más complejos. El espacio, por su contenido, las fuerzas y energías y la gravedad que están presentes, es como un inmenso laboratorio espacial en el que ocurren cosas…interesantes. Las Nebulosas son criaderos de estrellas y…mucho más.
![Polvo y moléculas en el espacio (Astroquímica) | ALMA](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![Detectan moléculas gigantes en el espacio - BBC News Mundo](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![Ciencias: Detectan en el espacio una molécula clave para la vida | NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO PERÚ](data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxMTEhUTExMVFRUWGBoZGBgYFxkYHRgYHRsbGxoaGBgdHSggGh0lGxoYITEhJSkrLi4uGh8zODMtNygtLisBCgoKDg0OFxAQGisdIB0tLSstLS0tLS0tKystKy0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLSstLS0rLS0tLSstLS0tKystNy03LTcrLf/AABEIAKkBKgMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAbAAACAwEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAACAwEEBQYAB//EAD4QAAEDAgMFBgUDAwIFBQAAAAEAAhEDIRIxQQRRYXHwBROBkaGxBiIywdFC4fEzUmIUggcVIzRyFkNTY5L/xAAaAQADAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUG/8QAIREBAQEBAAICAwEBAQAAAAAAAAERAgMhEjFBUWEicQT/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AOBw66dZDxSnsjkiqVCPLdlb+F6s8m/26hXj0746FjuHXBG5VcTkXek6qvjUfAw36+y9TbdebV0OluuKJplThfFLR4eCN2xvwd5gdg/vgxnGeWdl5g68Vps7TDaTaRpNMNDS45kd66oWuIh2D5hYEXaLwYQOvTGJCAAbwuk2jtpgphrGuLu7DQbAMd3eF2C03cZJP9oTqfb1OCS14IIIAwTGJpNJpwwKYDSL3hx8UnXO0QSCYMASSBlpJj7pb3ga5ro/+e02YIptdLWmoBYF+JhtI0axv+4kqs7t5s/0w5pJLgYh/wDRw4syY7t15/XzQcrCxTqEZp5xLoE2GkSTyC1qnarDXFQNIGAsBEYwTMOBMiRMAnTdaH1/iGnIPctsXSCR88tcAHw3IF1ub+EBVzrmwQTrlxiRbxBHgiZ1r6rc/wDUbZdLHOluEOeWk/VUdDgIGH/qAR/iPDDpugGOSEAf5ZZeallPjkibuR4Ot6AVCY0BTCINSxKHGYFhloB5qYRRGvXFexb0rD0yjsz6mIMY50Z4QXR5cfZUyJOl91o81sdk7YylIeHPaYlnylroJgHECRnZwgi+9Wdj7RYylhwfMXPJY36XAsY0OeXSZBDnAA5pYm1zjRxCOk3E4ACSbADMk6CNV0uy9usLgXtMYyT9MAY8QcBhnGGwzdHkhZ24xsPwTUa9gaT9Rb8pqueQMMu7tjRGUu5kS58kRr5z6pjz/PXgt1nbsNaGU8Ja1otFoNOcJOQIabW+rzr9o9qsqsaxtIMAMxprlzBvxHlHTXmsXu7jUe/BM7sibH5TB4EzE7jY+S6Kp8QU3Yh3ZOKbuLJZMmGw3Jo+UcHO4QTe32f/ABmCScMtwtP/AFPmbAnF88zvb5SrHLBo3hB3BJ0m9ytHbH97Vc4ANkzu0ieep5oYER11Kmic6qCl1996XVtxT8iZmB11yVd+/VBWBYIjxRPzC9i3+xXpGqeJ9RYpkHcp7ob48EFMNMG6bZLGsKqHjmc5+10DfGNU7wgj1nrgvARI3bgu3XUr5qXRPyzaMxrAm2SMjPP31/jyQSSY6t+wVSs0U2e+5WjT4ddFIAuIt+yuNvCXRdQDBzievZSGnw5JkR+97rxsYF5UJpOBC9p3ap7nAWifTzV3srYmkGtW/o0yJGtV5yptPHMnQHkhFdrV+CNh/wCU/wCqFV3fCl3mPFYvicGDdPy718y++u/xVjtPbX1qjnvNzFhZoAs0NGgAEBJDZ066hCeZZ9gdbr3Xn55eXLI+yNASYies1KyHMM2XsWidVSiLoRR62nrwTGPzFioYLXKkUkxg2NG8JmCckI5pjTxQioe7eZ9erJboKZUA8OCUXckFQEEIsW66kG2XqhqjKBfOyMKhKkclHNGxk21SxL6Z8FfBOxbTsJrVaru8OIHC6BSgkCW6nW+cr5s1oBOoBgEa+BylNobQ5ha5ji0gggg5EZW5rS7VoNrM/wBVSAFwK7B+h5/WB/Y8zyNtym8r5uVjvvdeDjyXm0jpxQVmwpyKtv2aa0ZZ3teyS/aSTc3SnEEcUVNjSUsif9GB+nvvskubkQUwjfrkhwRO4zn16KcXtLk77KL2PGUTLafdHANk4mzUtEapofxPmgpn0ReaFxLnAxGmv7Iqb4tYcRn/ABwQCB8pAzlLcy8dBdUdNtec+Tl0Y/C8M5Gpi6B0+qsUcuI9N5lMoNjPQ7s+irewbC+tUFOk0ue8wABJPQCq02HU+Pitz4X7adsW0trAB0AgtNpac76FKl3v4J7U7Hr7M8Mr0nU3OEgGPmHAiQb8V1dP4X2I9mt2jvXd+5v1Y24WVNGPb+kTafFI+Jv+IlbaXM7lhotaDnhe4k5yS2wjdvWG/wCJNrN+/f4EN3i1goY/76k/DHc2TfQ3jdwT+19vFQhjBho0wRTac+LnRm92p5DRJe+pUqYn1JLjd7iSYyk74Hsj7Q7PdQqOpOgub+oGzmm4c05YSCCOaZTd/wBKR/lSHAjj9l5+XhwSg2+qF0ceUfgJLhfKw4pztx875oM9BbmfK6kNPsD4f2jbXmns7MRaJJJDQ0cXG1zKqbdsNShVdRqtwPYbg6a+0GQun+DO26uwU6u0twkVCKbWOH9Qt+ZzpmQGhxyzLlzvbvaz9q2h9eqRieb4QYECABvsM00bd/ipTdFotK0tn2VrqdR7qjQWxDTMukxa0WWYBGWnVk5taR4JqlA7kiDrFBhnrmvOBCEdIqVLBDSYXODWglxIAAzJJgAeMKXssnbBWdTeyo2zmODmnP5gQR7IRWr238LbVsgYdopYQ/Igh14kgkGx4LGdRO9d38Q/FFbtLZPmDWmg4PexoPzNIw4wSZ+UkyP8guLeN0ohT6V4RYghc1LbOV77vaEUYe54VrsntF1GpiADgQQ9pyew5tI3H0MFZ7Ad6ds+zOe9rGS5ziAABck5AeaQXdpY2XGnOCflxRijQEjVdlsvw72e7s2pWqVorNYXYsbQ0VIJFNrJ+bQG0ybLi9uY+jVcxrw/u3QKjJAkat5H2T3fEu1iD/qHnW+F3uErIN6xj7DslSvUbSpML6jj8rWiSdT1wVvtTsutsrsG0Un03ESAYuDqCJBhb3wx8dV9nrtrVAKrYLXNwMa6DFw4NmfRe/4gfGQ7RfSIpmm2kDAJBcS6JJIsMhZThXdciXptJk3Iy6/KW1vCZO77qwDI4qeo04ufaKjZKURGY+6dabyRw3x42SscxollVsMpkIu9SpugxHqUYPkftIk+yDBf0T8GW9ewXsumV0337Jqs3dG6ZQbGdwUYpEieJvGfX3Ce9onIAbp04lLVTn8ktBm5z5J7eQ6uofTjT29df4TMEdZ9FK0WK7mmxItcT14KXEzuU1BY5m/HzU0heY56iOh1dLWd5SRZazB/qNnw277Z2y06voZubzZmBuJ3LIJ8kJccgJPC5IQz7efEDXz8V1fwr2S0Avr0ruJwY2xIEXAPPNczse3YKjHiTgcDYifMggeIK1qnbGzueXup7SXHNx2ppPrS5pdTYfg8udS2a98Z9mtp1GvpshjwZgfKCDpoCdyw9i2F9WoymwfM4wJyG8ncBmtLbO1GYHtpsrsL4xYq4e1wBBILO7EnK82Vag4vOGkHF5DvpmYDSXZXjDMo5mRHl8u9W5ge3tra5wZT/pUh3dP/ACAMl5G9ziXeI3LOZTkxPnYeZTHi0pOL2hM48R5b+H8qcQgX/nVLxCCCEOKCLdbkyNLrZpra8jr2VaeXI6ZqGuEm0eKCsXW1AbZfZMbTnK99NVn95p1ordCvaB4fzohONDszbO4qtfEjJ7dHMNnNPAgkeSjtjZDSqlrTiY4B9N391N30nnmDxBVdhztJ8fymPqPAaamKHNJYTkWYnXbOmLF4ymmrfwv2eK1aHMLmMBc6xj/ccgOC6L4o7FpvpTQpDvGwYptuWzBkDMXWBsXaLBTwVBWe3FiaKdXu2g7yMBk2zRv7W2eQe62mW5EbUARxBFKxWd5t61vx5uefHefj9sAUjORkZrc7OI2agdo/96piZQ3tblUq8D+hvHEdFU2/tPvqrnnFeIxuDnQAB8zg1snjEqtWJn6TYag6zlw1laOUsacEkskqwQNxn7dT6KA0TZJeaWGxGSRF1YJ/H8pMZ6HyU0aOYuMvSV4mUUWjqf4XnMhSf2W4GMpt19khxVh0CSDw3mPuq4zTkLr9GMaShJO/1T6ZLhfSwThs4/x8iotbc8bDXU4MweEafwlPpT4dZahXa0mPTzQ02XuM/wAq51XfeI9stIwdfRFhseOk9WTdnacx5bus03DMjgc4Rp/FRp5mbRrfkrFRg0P5nVEKZgm2fK9vt7oHNygfe2irWd5V3yQfXrz801gMSLAjSPNG2Tc5eHD0UkTMZ6/t5pJsVHBavZoNCi7aCIqPmnR4WipU8AcIO9x3LV+C/g47c581e7bTiTGIkmYgWjJV/ivZzT2p9AxhoxTYAbBoAI8STJ4yq1y3L18XPOYPBLdkAJ3x5K1VYN/XnZIc3Ll63SV9FiciLjzHNWNm2t1NzajLOY4EEbxdNp1xU/qGH2iodbQBU37sWe+dKteg5hwuEHqCDlHFNH2udu0GyytTEUqwxNA/Q+f+pT/2k2/xLVj1WSu0+Auxzt/f7K52FgAq4sy18hoLBxGIOv8A27lh/E3YZ2Tan7NjxlpBBAicQBEibZ3RE7Ppz1VsD152QuJIy9iCtDa+z3tALhY6/bgs53oM+vuiiVDNcrXg8QfvHlqiYZ4Xg3yukOLZtPFRTrZwBBSNYEgwMvzKdSkWz5KtSeejlOnpC0uydjdWr06LSA6o9rJOQxHXkmKvdibIK1QB5IpsBfVf/bTbckccgOJCLtPbjWqmoWw2zWN0YxtmtG6BHrvXU/G/wwezdnp02VMYrvPeuiCcABa2L/LcnnC4VpPn1+UfbP1VkuA/CrvG75h4i3XurOz7Mahj6Q27icmjKeZOmuimtVtgpghguSc3nRztw3DITqbphUY3JbuM19m/+3ZxIm5fQm/PA4j/AGuO5Yo65q52JXezaaWCMRe1vzZEOIBDv8SHX4EpFVMu660UtcIXZfH/AMB/6FjazKpqMe8twlt22JEGfmECFxgtFo90K5ss9IdT6lABdNcTHXWqEcUjyDcAq9S8J76s59dWSX3KBYrROll4DRMLbnqUVUCBaMkJ+I6LLSQmiof7Ql0iTZOgbvX9lj1Pbq8c2emg0cMk2k3SJE5edv5SqLDijP2VplGcj4akJ69DKCiDMaAX/AHijMT73nND3Rg57xvnIXTcEDIXz/IujRmAflJ1tY5aRw0tfNIwRIOfHdy5QrlQyLuA11199PRLpxMRod3gqieoQ6jEiPO2d1PcgDPw3jX7J1RkWMeFx1M+qEPyzMC3A7vVNFg+z+0KtFxdRe9jiIJaYtuMZpFV5cXOcS4m5cSSSc5O82Uzw8t/20S3nztu3QqY2Qh74nzSSONwnOpzpB4/ZKkTKGVgCdd/snUtpGHA+SzQ/qZvLd4/xNjwN0iobWt1CrmpGqaVunUrbM8VaNVzc8NRhIxDUcDlLTl5Fe2LaHO2gVarnVHEy4klxM6nWyrUNpLJ/U10YmHJw+x3EXC3dh2UtZ3tKS3UGMTOe8cR6ZIZ9WEdp7aWh1wQZzvbcQuN+aYsAV13xJUY+mHFvzb998nDguW7kmJEG8cYSLmBbQxZeuvJMZsZbzjyWv2RsoIdiF9+mWfFa/a3w+aTXuDmOAawgtNpcYw+aDtyuZpUSBNuKazEDIMFsEEb5sQRlvU1HDCLXvKRxuqL7au29s167ga9Z9TCIGNxdAn8wj2XZ8TSTDWCJeZMcAJ+Yndw0ElVtioSMTjFMH6oEud/ayczHgMzxnbNsxRbCxtmsBmMpO8k7zfTIAIL/ixtW25NYMLAbN1J/ucdXX5DIJUzckdclRbWnLerLbQeaZJ1t+F4s1mLSN/Vs1DrqGZg2PNKkv7d2vWrBja1apUDLNDnEx+/FU+86/EGFXqvI0z69VLec2tz4zwn0SH0tF857otAyEdckumlgzBUvd81skqvn+vBhk8ULmcOfD8LzncERdOm9B3Ihud0rEjIlQSjEWvNdBlEKzuCA8EJZzSxc6sdSGEHSI6904NgBwHrqmOZn4+XLxQVXENAyzjiuee3t15ptlp6ZqtVfmD5T5ozEQSfzy35KvtIO6I3SLrScs70hg45ZZZ3B+ycx5zH6SIgcflsq7GjLImOinVKVgeflqr9M7oH1CDIkX9ro2j5Rf09B6JDRfQWvJ/C8K28eQgp2M5f2dUysMrTlp+/kkOqXF88uWkxpAKJjjPrcxOZ9ugkvFzlyz35eRQVNP8AcZjj11KB8HIct6EOvy6z5r2LefHS3DUT0U2VV6zeEePj7Ko6n4KzVBBn1z4ZpETrJnRNFDTpxmtDs/tF9KzTbqRyg5Ko+9/slNF84tmhORq7U5tZp7psOzNPfvNPf/457p0yqWzQMUC564p9IAmctfHhAzWxRrUKlKqaznN2gAFhDflfBv3kH6okTHOUDPiyKFQtNvLem9odolzcDbMmcI375zKvUtlYxjHVcRc8YmU2mCW5BznkGBnAGfARK3touhr6LqZP6muLiObH/VyBamzvtzpte5jfHorFJjY7x+IUiflaPqqHc2MgNX5DISVr0di2akan+pxuOAGiKbZ7xxIIcSS2GQCCJBuRmFze2VC5xLnHFlkG2/S0NyaBlAsE0WtB+1l5vYCwaMmt3AadEpFYyb5bhaLbvAqsxrjr1zQOdkZN/GP4skcW6TBM6K3hF5F1Qo1I3+MW+6f3o0RCq07TL8cOdkDgvT1mi05phXI48lAHijrTdJJOe7MISY92Q68lDjeyBziT4qcSWGZ4+fXBexAZpbkMXujCvR8yocxCzgnYkHPZLm8fBGAdyh2ajvSkPTuxTm+gHOFXrbNM38IzVutimNEv9UEDx8r+q45cfQ2SqVfZwDkTn72PC0WSn0RvutLamxaJjdll15qm5sEgbtRl555LSXWdim1kEZG17WtvhH3wIiPxu0zUFkm0cp8ud7IWNnMH8rWMetLcBn11+F5rZyEc7jcnNZbcJg745RIhKqMgddeKplYUfqBEkzPXNKquB5afx1mmtN8+reswgqDlb0QVA13HI+XovEmOWcrwadPt7qS+LzdtjORzz3meftIgp4IsbG6rFk5K3WqXiZygzn+EoOwyQLFCOoXi9d9+E81s7MdlqBmLA0hoxZsEfKHGYDi8jFaXDjeFiPg789PwlvaNJ8euKbPNbXZW27M11UOaMBw4MTcRwgOBzaTJlhiW8xCrdsbTThuAtdDIc4MwSc7iALZTedVmv1Ns7AZDgqnfwQbEbjpyRfSs/rtaXz7W8OPysdDdwb+jwwx6LW+Itka9ktvha0AgZkTnrPFcbse30ntDaji1zQA2oBiBAybUAvYWDhJiBBiV2Hwq2mQcVdrhOTccn/8AbRHO6m/tl5Oc965va9mLqFGYBBqZ2+XE2Lbg4v8AVc2+iAYzMi+4CcutAvoPxPZ8gAADCANBuHmT571z7+yHOaXNEwJI4flaS7Ea5CsCDLSb7pjqEDKrrZzy9fNbFfZSCcxy38brOofUZEHj78ErBPt57DEzJ5R4q1scgXnx65+aNsGDmPZWAyeZsDb1mwRKv4vUTvC89pUsE539Ex1PKclTPVdz50iM+t6UCNyOM9VAF9ChKPBTUHimT+ByzgeaB4KRWkh94PsnAX9ktvhyRk7jCAcIhCTooyUYrIGpwpJpu4+qdoivv9Uj+30EvBE3toRBHRQV6bjHrPC/2TGsOKTFtOPXsmVaRHzEx4TPX3Xn77fRqe0UrtiZPlaM5WftWcGRqT1kr1eoQDfTMb1QdTxETnvG5a8X9o6hTr7xHWd9QoYbDLKTNkQI06vbklvFjeet8LWMvYyev2QV25W8etJt5qA60boPNeLjlM319/VVE9qzjvJ3g7uoS3k+HDTL8Jz3Z+g/G8JYBy+3kqYVDBMmyRUMEZcY8ddDnknPi/sElkeg33RIfWYARlGmefFQNdbo3E2iSNLJVQHLqFTKgqP1EcLyvAW0Oif/AKWG3y01nx6yUVKcN0TRiq4Wy49eqo1DoYvfn+Fe2iQItl19wqtOnIxETbKdeCmxUuK/dXtu39bitnsra2sw78pmI/hY9YOnjv33V7s4DOLjeJ8kco6x0T3veBLnHdOsRA4rsew6DRSbIIOZJ9guP7Llxhxsu37L2tpaKbp+XIgbsku3J5L+IwfiDs4NdjAFz83Erj+0thayoYGYkcF9V7R2THSgDE4EEWzhcR2n2XUc7E9uAAH6hCOfpXi8jl9moi8a3VpuzONirDNnaDv5cNSlVdpNxZXivlUNpwItOeWaWblIqVpM+d1LXSZnO2SaQON1DQpqBRiA49acUE88nTL+UDSvOdewMdfdDM77ZIIU7s+amZCDiLKUAQI3ozKWG+mqsYzhIkmTN8yd85oBYHiFMHehd0EBYeKKcx9TokQBF/YKDkQc+hAXqU7rp9SmD++i8yvoWNtTAd+ZuN/PXRV305v9gVrbU35bLPqOnIHPfmr5qr7Va1OMs8rfhZ1QXty57lqbTH1ZAzFvT1VGq6DAvOcLXmovJL7fz1xQ1XXQuduP8ocZNzlYekecAraObuhd4+HivFxuMuSF51lQDPkP3+6plQuGiERoL9W4pjtwCBouONkD0FxEcAN6B14Ai0HnfJWKrDfUHj4WtzVUv9euuSIm3WjUwQCNwkZX4b1UqCcsz14JzqjcMRcZnw/KGg4Tkesk4iTVSpQkb757lUqNgkQBy19FuP2ewOqpVhF93qlrTqetZrWb99pzJnMrU2dsCIvzVVtA4tInQ7+vVXtn2fE4bk2PVbfYeyuJOXK/CF3fYPYheMQENFy868BvVT4J+H2vZ3lV+FjYtMT+Aun7R7WaW93QEAWysOSi39vP83VtzlR2/bGsOCk3S5OvV1x/xLQfUZIMkOi1hG87oXbbPszSWl3zTY63WH8TbH8jmiwN4jO+ZR/WXFkr53t9Rgb3dO8AY3/3nc3c0eqyHeRG9bNXZHXgQBqbAeeayatESTM8uurLSOuM84hoAD4/srFNsxxQkjyTaNUASM9OCYFUb/HsqzskwE3zXkyIXsKa4QckDnaDy3oILhbghcEZai7tCXqIlG50ImtjRC5nNCkOCFE7rkgLEHj6lTqQd82tBU164a3PjdMb+nn+VQ2r6T4e68x9FJ7SXSMyq4EYhpy8E2ln4u+6RU/qDmU4pQ2txnWNY9uUWVWAMz9vBO2/8fdUdT4+635ZdXDKlMTOV/yq9RhBPDNWdp+kdaKu76fL2Wk+2XcmaVMnrdCbukadc1A063oqWbeY91bnpcdceCWT57vFWauR63pWzZO/8fuEDPTxbOR/bmiNDMEcRx/Frqdi+pnMfZLpZjx9kQqXUokI6JgTyVnb829bkg/0/JNnKfTqBBVeHaAACPfNLoZeahuZ5osPfZmybLPtwC0dlYxszp14oaWfiful1fod4e6jqtfH451uum2XtMljWAwPvxWpSrZAknSfZcn2Rr4fZdBsf0db1Fc3/p8fPM9O02TYgMDcTj3lp/tO9aP/ACpjie9+ciwJ+/FZXZn1N/8AJbXa+bVrHi93Hyv/AIibA0bTFPLCPAriXMLC4FoMiOV5JHGBHiV3nxP/AFT4+6xewP8AvE5Xb4r/AJjjtoYM+KhrLrZ+Nf8Au381mUPyqi9LDfIqTa3UJz/0quc0xXnN/lKaz8Izkob9SaUNZCKbLxyKWc0Ayf3Uhy9Q+ocx9kVT63cz90BBKILy8g4//9k=)
En cualquier caso, un gas como los citados consiste en un enjambre de las moléculas correspondientes. Entre ellas no se ejercen fuerzas, salvo cuando colisionan, lo que hacen con una frecuencia que depende de la concentración, es decir, del número de ellas que están concentradas en la unidad de volumen; número que podemos calcular conociendo la presión y temperatura de la masa de gas confinada en un volumen conocido.
Decía que no existen fuerzas entre las moléculas de un gas. En realidad es más exacto que el valor de esas fuerzas es insignificante porque las fuerzas residuales de las electromagnéticas, a las que antes me referí, disminuyen más rápidamente con la distancia que las fuerzas de Coulomb; y esta distancia es ordinariamente de varios diámetros moleculares.
![](http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_6dvAgJjYjt0/S9pj77NxHvI/AAAAAAAAAFk/Ni2hlkTDPZs/s1600/misydis.jpg)
Fuerzas de Coulomb
Podemos conseguir que la intensidad de esas fuerzas aumente tratando de disminuir la distancia media entre las moléculas. Esto se puede lograr haciendo descender la temperatura, aumentando la presión o ambas cosas. Alcanzada una determinada temperatura, las moléculas comienzan a sentir las fuerzas de Van der Waals y aparece el estado líquido; si se sigue enfriando aparece el sólido. El orden crece desde el gas al líquido, siendo el sólido el más ordenado. Se trata de una red tridimensional en la que los nudos o vértices del entramado están ocupados por moléculas.
![Los tres estados de la materia que generan vida – Vida en el Universo](https://vidaeneluniversoblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/imagesde-estados-del-agua.jpg?w=648)
![Plasma: el cuarto estado de la materia](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Todas las sustancias conocidas pueden presentarse en cualquiera de los tres estados de la materia (estados ordinarios y cotidianos en nuestras vidas del día a día). Otros estados, como el plasma, sólo se producen en los laboratorios o en el espacio interestelar. De hecho, es el estado más común de la materia en el Universo, todas las estrellas están hechas de material que debido a las altísimas temperaturas, han adquirido el estado de plasma. Puede que existan otros estados de la materia en situaciones poco conocidas y también estaríamos hablando del espacio exterior en el que, pudieran existir estrellas Quarks y Gluones formando una especie de materia extraña.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Estados.svg/290px-Estados.svg.png)
Estos son los estados de la materia que siempre nos enseñaban en el Colegio, sin embargo, hay otros que, menos conocido no están presentes en nuestra vida cotidiana y sólo se forman en condiciones especiales que, generalmente, no están presentes en nuestra atmósfera.
Si las temperaturas reinantes en las estrellas alcanzan miles de millones de grados, el estado de la materia es el plasma, el material más común del universo. Esa otra clase de materia a la que llamamos materia oscura (si finalmente existe) no sabemos en qué estado estará o de qué está conformada.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/800px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg)
Plasma en ebullición en la superficie del Sol
En condiciones ordinarias de presión, la temperatura por debajo de la cual existe el líquido y/o sólido depende del tipo de sustancia. Se denomina temperatura de ebullición o fusión la que corresponde a los sucesivos equilibrios (a presión dada) de fases: vapor ↔ líquido ↔ sólido. Estas temperaturas son muy variadas, por ejemplo, para los gases nobles son muy bajas; también para el oxígeno (O2) e hidrógeno (H2). En cambio, la mayoría de las sustancias son sólidos en condiciones ordinarias (grasas, ceras, etc).
Las sustancias pueden ser simples y compuestas, según que la molécula correspondiente tenga átomos iguales o diferentes. El número de las primeras es enormemente inferior al de las segundas.
![](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Yi7WOv3fF7A/S8wdvbZ4IVI/AAAAAAAAAEA/TNDJInb7VhA/s1600/sal+comun.png)
El concepto de molécula, como individuo físico y químico, pierde su significado en ciertas sustancias que no hemos considerado aún. Entre ellas figuran las llamadas sales, el paradigma de las cuales es la sal de cocina. Se trata de cloruro de sodio, por lo que cualquier estudiante de E.G.B. escribiría sin titubear su fórmula: Cl Na. Sin embargo, le podríamos poner en un aprieto si le preguntásemos dónde se puede encontrar aisladamente individuos moleculares que respondan a esa composición. Le podemos orientar diciéndole que en el gas Cl H o en el vapor de agua existen moléculas como individualidades. En realidad y salvo casos especiales, por ejemplo, a temperaturas elevadas, no existen moléculas aisladas de sal, sino una especie de molécula gigante que se extiende por todo el cristal. Este edificio de cristal de sal consiste en una red o entramado, como un tablero de ajedrez de tres dimensiones, en cuyos nudos o vértices se encuentran, alternativamente, las constituyentes, que no son los átomos de Cl y Na sino los iones Cl– y Na+. El primero es un átomo de Cl que ha ganado un electrón, completándose todos los orbitales de valencia; el segundo, un átomo de Na que ha perdido el electrón del orbital s.
“Propiedades físicas” es una expresión de significado muy amplio: engloba todas las propiedades de las sustancias relacionadas a fenómenos físicos. No tendría ningún sentido intentar estudiar todas las propiedades físicas a la vez; apenas para enumerarlas todas juntas ya sería consumidas a un espacio enorme.
En general establecemos objetivos de naturaleza práctica para delimitar nuestros estudios: las propiedades físicas que nos interesan en este momento son aquellas que utilizamos corrientemente en los trabajos comunes de laboratorio, como punto de fusión, punto de ebullición, solubilidad. Estas propiedades están fuertemente asociadas con las fuerzas que mantienen las moléculas unidas unas a las otras, las que son llamadas fuerzas intermolecu
![eXe](https://agrega.juntadeandalucia.es/repositorio/28012011/2c/es-an_2011012813_9111321/ODE-8c83c1df-2f5d-362d-855a-a185d0a1d088/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.jpg)
![Entradas sobre TEMA 9 El enlace químico en Blog de Mila (IES Villa de Vícar) | Química, Enlace químico, Tipos de enlaces quimicos](https://i.pinimg.com/originals/26/f6/e1/26f6e15670261c2f65d0631bd4dd4ce3.jpg)
Los puentes de hidrógeno son especialmente fuertes entre las moléculas de agua y son la causa de muchas de las singulares propiedades de esta sustancia. Los compuestos de hidrógeno de elementos vecino al oxígeno y de los miembros de su familia en la tabla periódica, son gases a la temperatura ambiente: CH4, NH3, H2S, H2Te, PH3, HCl. En cambio, el H2O es líquida a la temperatura ambiente, lo que indica un alto grado de atracción intermolecular. En la figura 6 se puede ver que el punto de ebullición del agua es 200 ºC más alto de lo que cabría predecir si no hubiera puentes de hidrógeno. Los puentes de hidrógeno juegan también un papel crucial en la estructura del ADN, la molécula que almacena la herencia genética de todos los seres vivos.
![Variación de los puntos de ebullición de los hidruros moleculares.](http://www.textoscientificos.com/imagenes/quimica/ebullicion-hidruros.gif)
Figura 6. Variación de los puntos de ebullición de los hidruros moleculares.
Fuerzas Intermoleculares
![Resultado de imagen de Fuerzas Intermoleculares](http://e-ducativa.catedu.es/44700165/aula/archivos/repositorio/1000/1164/html/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.jpg)
El enlace que atrapa los átomos dentro de una molécula es el enlace covalente. Las fuerzas de atracción entre las moléculas son de naturaleza eléctrica. Fuerzas gravitacionales también existen, pero podemos despreciarlas por ser mucho menores que las fuerzas eléctricas. Analicemos ahora, las fuerzas que existen entre las moléculas. Estas fuerzas pueden ser divididas en dos tipos: Fuerzas de Van der Waals y Puente de Hidrógeno
Fuerzas de Van der Waals
![Resultado de imagen de Fuerzas de Van der Waals](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/puentedehidrogenoyfuerzadevanderwaals-150221131009-conversion-gate01/95/puente-de-hidrogeno-y-fuerza-de-van-der-waals-7-638.jpg?cb=1424524280)
Las fuerzas de atracción o repulsión entre entidades moleculares (o entre grupos dentro de la misma entidad molecular) diferentes de aquellas que son debidas a la formación de enlace o la interacción electroestática de iones o grupos iónicos unos con otros o con moléculas neutras.
Estudiemos los tipos principales:
Fuerza entre dipolos permanentes: Si la molécula de la sustancia contiene un dipolo permanente (debido a la polaridad de uno o más de sus enlaces covalentes), entonces podemos fácilmente ver como esas moléculas se atraen unas a otras: el lado positivo del dipolo de una molécula atrae al lado negativo del dipolo de la otra molécula. Esta fuerza existe, por tanto, entre moléculas polares (μ total ≠ 0).
Ejemplo:
Fuerzas de London o fuerzas de dispersión: Es cuando las moléculas no contienen dipolos (son apolares). Entonces, como es que logran atraerse? Pensemos en una molécula como una entidad no estática, pero conteniendo electrones en constante movimiento; es razonable pensar que en un determinado momento la distribución en esa molécula puede no ser perfectamente simétrica y aparecen entonces pequeños dipolos instantáneos en este momento.
Esos dipolos desaparecerán en muy poco tiempo, pudiendo llevar a una molécula neutra o a otros dipolos, inclusive contrarios, pero en un corto espacio de tiempo en que ellos existen pueden inducir a la formación de dipolos contrarios en la molécula vecina, llevando a las dos a atraerse mutuamente.
Ejemplo:
![Resultado de imagen de Enlaces de Hidrógeno o Puentes de Hidrógeno](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![Puente de h](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Enlaces de Hidrógeno o Puentes de Hidrógeno: El átomo de hidrógeno tiene propiedades especiales por ser un átomo muy pequeño, sin electrones en el interior: por dentro de la capa de valencia existen apenas el núcleo del átomo y el protón.
Una de las propiedades que solo el átomo de hidrógeno presenta es la capacidad de ejercer una fuerza de atracción intermolecular llamada enlace de hidrógeno, o puente de hidrógeno. El enlace de hidrógeno solo puede ocurrir cuando el hidrógeno estuviese enlazado a un átomo pequeño y muy electronegativo: apenas F, O, N satisface las condiciones necesarias.
Cuando el hidrógeno esta enlazado a un átomo muy electronegativo, la densidad electrónica en torno del protón se establece bastante baja, esta parte de la molécula es entonces fuertemente atraída por los pares de electrones del F, O, N de otra molécula, estableciendo el enlace de hidrógeno.
Ejemplo:
![Fuerzas de Van Der Waals - AreaCiencias](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![Cómo caminan los insectos sobre el agua? | Investigación y Ciencia | Investigación y Ciencia](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Permiten que un mosquito se pose en la superficie del agua
Científicos de Austria recientemente publicaron un trabajo sobre la denominada fuerza de van der Waals, responsable de mantener unidas determinadas sustancias químicas a superficies metálicas. Este estudio revela que varios modelos para la interacción entre películas orgánicas y finas capas metálicas en las que se colocan deben ser revisados. Dentro de las aplicaciones se encuentra la fabricación de semiconductores orgánicos, mucho más flexibles que los actuales inorgánicos.
Cuando los átomos de Cl y Na interaccionan por aproximarse suficientemente sus nubes electrónicas, existe un reajuste de cargas, porque el núcleo de Cl atrae con más fuerza los electrones que el de Na, así uno pierde un electrón que gana el otro. El resultado es que la colectividad de átomos se transforma en colectividad de iones, positivos los de Na y negativos los de Cl. Las fuerzas electromagnéticas entre esos iones determinan su ordenación en un cristal, el ClNa. Por consiguiente, en los nudos de la red existen, de manera alternativa, iones de Na e iones de Cl, resultando una red mucho más fuerte que en el caso de que las fuerzas actuantes fueran de Van der Waals. Por ello, las sales poseen puntos de fusión elevados en relación con los de las redes moleculares.
Dejamos aquí el paseo por el fascinante mundo de la Química que, como la Física, es un universo en sí mismo.
emilio silvera