{"id":6011,"date":"2025-06-20T06:39:46","date_gmt":"2025-06-20T05:39:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/?p=6011"},"modified":"2025-06-20T06:39:26","modified_gmt":"2025-06-20T05:39:26","slug":"si-las-constantes-fueran-variables-en-el-teimpo-y-en-el-espacio-mala-cosa-seria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/2025\/06\/20\/si-las-constantes-fueran-variables-en-el-teimpo-y-en-el-espacio-mala-cosa-seria\/","title":{"rendered":"Si las constantes fueran variables en el teimpo y en el espacio&#8230;mala cosa ser\u00eda"},"content":{"rendered":"<div><strong>constante de Estructura Fina:<\/strong><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgtvx8AUXYTytwFlrzKY-BlcKlEcj1Z4v_w-6v4W4cAbEYqoQcKsQEW1-qwMwdtl3TyJD585ydTrcZrLzt3pbAmb9ATEQwF4YobQBCxnn3WmQW9FWPlBWSq4JIt3fNpzVE1LNoL_MkWUoI\/s1600\/constante+de+estructura+fina.png\" alt=\"La Mec\u00e1nica Cu\u00e1ntica: La estructura fina del hidr\u00f3geno\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/francis.naukas.com\/files\/2020\/12\/D20201203-nature-s41586-020-2964-7-exclusion-diagram-atomki-dark-photon-in-8B-decay.png\" alt=\"El nuevo valor m\u00e1s preciso de la constante de estructura fina est\u00e1 a 5.4  sigmas del anterior - La Ciencia de la Mula Francis\" width=\"251\" height=\"156\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Constante<\/strong>\u00a0universal que est\u00e1 relacionada con el desplazamiento de los niveles de energ\u00eda de un \u00e1tomo que presenta\u00a0<strong>estructura fina<\/strong>. Su valor es \u03b1 = 2\u03c0 e<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\/hc, donde e es la carga del <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electr\u00f3n<\/a>, h la\u00a0<strong>constante<\/strong>\u00a0de Planck, y c la velocidad de la luz en el vac\u00edo.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"Constante Estructura Fina\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Ciencias Planetarias y Astrobiolog\u00eda : La constante de estructura fina en nuestro Universo\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hemos podido leer por ah\u00ed, art\u00edculos diversos que nos dicen: &#8220;Estudios realizados con el Telescopio&#8230;en&#8230;, han venido a confirmar que, la constante de estructura fina fue m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a en el pasado, cuando el universo era m\u00e1s joven. Otros, sin embargo, nos han dicho lo contrario y dicen que la constante de estructura fina era mayor en el pasado. Tales discrepancias, al parecer, son debidas a que, cada grupo investigador lo hicieron de una parte distinta del Universo. Sin embargo, hay otros muchos que no creen en una constante de estructura fina variable (me cuento entre ellos), ya que, como dec\u00eda <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('einstein',event); return false;\">Einstein<\/a>, si el Universo no es igual en todas partes y en todo tiempo&#8230; Sino \u00a1qu\u00e9 chapuza de universo!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTBV-P49YB5aGDp7TQnNp66WLaR11xXcyzA1g&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"ESPRESSO pone a prueba las constantes de la F\u00edsica | Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias \u2022 IAC\" width=\"548\" height=\"307\" \/><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0No son pocas las veces que se han puesto a prueba las constantes de la f\u00edsica<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Algunos grupos de cient\u00edficos sugieren que las variaciones en la constante de estructura fina nos dicen que las leyes de la f\u00edsica no son iguales en todas partes y, cuando leo algo as\u00ed, me pregunto qu\u00e9 clase de f\u00edsicos son estos que ponen en duda cuestiones que, como la constante \u03b1, han sido m\u00e1s que estudiadas a lo largo de la historia de la F\u00edsica y, el resultado, es bien conocido.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De todas las maneras, una cosa est\u00e1 muy clara y no deja margen para las dudas: Si las constantes universales variaran con el paso del Tiempo, el Universo tambi\u00e9n lo har\u00eda, y, que sepamos, el Universo se manteiene constante con sus leyes para que nada var\u00ede.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"El descubrimiento de los cu\u00e1sares - Naukas\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"data:image\/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"Descubren el primer cu\u00e1sar del Universo\" width=\"333\" height=\"175\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Los primeros qu\u00e1sares, descubiertos a finales de 1950, fueron identificados como fuentes de una intensa radioemisi\u00f3n. En 1960 los astr\u00f3nomos observaron objetos cuyos espectros mostraban unas l\u00edneas de emisi\u00f3n que no se pod\u00edan identificar. En 1963, el astr\u00f3nomo estadounidense de origen holand\u00e9s Maarten Schmidt descubri\u00f3 que estas l\u00edneas de emisi\u00f3n no identificadas en el espectro del qu\u00e1sar 3C 273 eran l\u00edneas ya conocidas pero que mostraban un desplazamiento hacia el rojo mucho m\u00e1s fuerte que en cualquier otro objeto conocido.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Una de las cuestiones m\u00e1s controvertidas en la cosmolog\u00eda es porque las\u00a0constantes fundamentales de la naturaleza parecen finamente ajustadas para la vida. Una de estas constantes fundamentales es <strong>la constante de estructura fina o alfa<\/strong>, que es la constante de acoplamiento de la <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('fuerza electromagnetica',event); return false;\">fuerza electromagn\u00e9tica<\/a> (usualmente denotada \u03b1, es un n\u00famero que determina la fuerza de una interacci\u00f3n) y equivale a 1\/137,03599911.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a id=\"rg_hl\" href=\"http:\/\/www.google.es\/imgres?q=Los+Qu%C3%A1sares&amp;um=1&amp;hl=es&amp;safe=strict&amp;biw=1280&amp;bih=557&amp;tbm=isch&amp;tbnid=d_kzeKxDECH54M:&amp;imgrefurl=http:\/\/www.taringa.net\/posts\/ciencia-educacion\/9040511\/consultor-con-100-datos-sobre-cultura-general-con-imagenes.html&amp;docid=hvxaq4DNtO3pdM&amp;imgurl=http:\/\/www.electric-cosmos.org\/NGC7319quasarLabeled.jpg&amp;w=595&amp;h=497&amp;ei=g24vT5q8M8ih0QXurPysCA&amp;zoom=1&amp;iact=hc&amp;vpx=632&amp;vpy=239&amp;dur=5827&amp;hovh=205&amp;hovw=246&amp;tx=204&amp;ty=281&amp;sig=115851273274748909533&amp;page=1&amp;tbnh=116&amp;tbnw=139&amp;start=0&amp;ndsp=21&amp;ved=1t:429,r:17,s:0\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" id=\"rg_hi\" src=\"http:\/\/t3.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRJdLhREWC6cgUmpYY3h2hglqvwvxAzfiU0iozOhYAtnhlaEt12\" alt=\"\" width=\"246\" height=\"205\" data-height=\"205\" data-width=\"246\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"rg_hx\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Los qu\u00e1sares<\/strong> son <strong>los<\/strong> objetos m\u00e1s lejanos del universo y en ellos se producen los sucesos m\u00e1s espectaculares del universo antiguo, debido a inmensos <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('agujero negro',event); return false;\">agujeros negros<\/a> que habitan en su interior. All\u00ed, se pidr\u00edan buscar muchas respuestas a preguntas que a\u00fan, no han sido contestadas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">E<strong>ra una cuesti\u00f3n m\u00e1s o menos de rutina para John Webb<\/strong>, de la Universidad de Nueva Gales del Sur, y sus colegas. Se trataba de estudiar el comportamiento de una oscura constante de la naturaleza nada fotog\u00e9nica, l<strong>a constante alfa<\/strong>,<strong> fundamental para comprender la propagaci\u00f3n de ondas electromagn\u00e9ticas<\/strong>, como lo son las ondas de luz. Se le llama \u201cla constante de estructura fina\u201d, y en el trabajo usaron dos telescopios, uno en el norte, <strong>el telescopio Keck en Mauna Kea<\/strong>, Hawai, y otro en el sur,<strong> el Very Large Telescope (VLT) en Paranal,<\/strong> Chile. Las observaciones se refer\u00edan a objetos extremadamente luminosos del pasado distante del cosmos, llamados <strong>qu\u00e1sares<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" 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\" alt=\"Telescopio de Keck imagen de archivo. Imagen de estrella - 49390231\" width=\"364\" height=\"268\" \/><\/div>\n<div id=\"rg_hx\">\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Telescopio Keck, en Hawaii<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<a id=\"rg_hl\" href=\"http:\/\/www.google.es\/imgres?q=Very+Large+Telescope,+en+Chile&amp;um=1&amp;hl=es&amp;safe=strict&amp;sa=N&amp;biw=1280&amp;bih=557&amp;tbm=isch&amp;tbnid=mpCXqyhJi8GvsM:&amp;imgrefurl=http:\/\/www.geek.com\/articles\/geek-cetera\/esos-very-large-telescope-survives-earthquake-in-chile-2010031\/&amp;docid=ppxAnX7pFzyO1M&amp;imgurl=http:\/\/www.geek.com\/gearlog\/ESO_Very_Large_Telescope_Chile.jpg&amp;w=450&amp;h=298&amp;ei=8G0vT4XXMqbA0QXgu4mtCA&amp;zoom=1&amp;iact=hc&amp;vpx=793&amp;vpy=261&amp;dur=2202&amp;hovh=183&amp;hovw=276&amp;tx=191&amp;ty=262&amp;sig=115851273274748909533&amp;page=1&amp;tbnh=112&amp;tbnw=149&amp;start=0&amp;ndsp=21&amp;ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" id=\"rg_hi\" src=\"http:\/\/t3.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ3dnJjnDRI4XAij2jqD07joVkbEJ8PzgPJqvkYxvdeipZo8VeQ\" alt=\"\" width=\"276\" height=\"183\" data-height=\"183\" data-width=\"276\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"rg_hx\">\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Very Large Telescope, en Chile<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">Entonces, la sorpresa sobrevino. <strong>De acuerdo a los datos, hace 10 mil millones de a\u00f1os alfa parecer\u00eda haber sido mayor en la direcci\u00f3n sur de nuestro planeta, y m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a en la direcci\u00f3n norte. Esto consolidaba lo que por m\u00e1s de 20 a\u00f1os han hallado algunos investigadores: que la estructura fina\u00a0 del universo var\u00eda con el tiempo.<\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">Una constante que var\u00eda es un oximoron. (Un ox\u00edmoron es una figura ret\u00f3rica en la que aparece una contradicci\u00f3n, combin\u00e1ndose dos palabras o expresiones de significado opuesto y que dan lugar a un sentido nuevo.).<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"El truco de un Premio Nobel para poder estudiar cualquier cosa de manera sencilla\" \/><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><strong>ES un secreto bien guardado, pero sabemos la respuesta a la vida, el universo y todo. El\u00a0n\u00ba\u00a0 es 1\/137.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Este n\u00famero inmutable determina c\u00f3mo se queman las estrellas, c\u00f3mo ocurre la qu\u00edmica e incluso si existen \u00e1tomos.\u00a0El f\u00edsico\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/people\/richard-feynman\/\">Richard Feynman<\/a>\u00a0, que sab\u00eda un par de cosas al respecto, lo llam\u00f3 \u201cuno de los mayores misterios de la f\u00edsica: un n\u00famero m\u00e1gico que nos llega sin comprenderlo\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">El hecho de que una \u201cconstante\u201d universal var\u00ede de este modo crea un nuevo escenario para nuestro conocimiento de la ciencia. No por nada <strong>Richard Feynman<\/strong> se refiri\u00f3 a ella como <strong>\u201cone of the greatest damn mysteries of physics.\u201d<\/strong><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" 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\" alt=\"Estrella - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre\" width=\"415\" height=\"266\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>La variaci\u00f3n encontrada en el an\u00e1lisis de Webb fue de una en cien mil partes<\/strong>. Si la constante de estructura fina fuera s\u00f3lo un 4% mayor o menor, las estrellas no podr\u00edan crear reacciones nucleares creando en sus interiores los \u00e1tomos de carb\u00f3n y ox\u00edgeno, los elementos sobre los cuales se basa la vida como la conocemos<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No ser\u00e1 la constante m\u00e1s famosa del mundo, pero sin su valor actual ni siquiera estar\u00edamos aqu\u00ed. Ahora descubrimos que podr\u00eda ni siquiera ser constante.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Constante de Estructura Fina | Stargazer\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Estas son las cosas que se comentan de la constante de estructura fina que, como se ha dicho otras veces aqu\u00ed, es la que guarda los secretos de \u00a1tantas cosas!, es el 137, es la h de Planck, la c de <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('einstein',event); return false;\">Einstein<\/a> y la e de Dirac, es decir, ah\u00ed est\u00e1n implicadas el cuanto de acci\u00f3n de Planck, la mec\u00e1nica cu\u00e1ntica, la velocidad de la luz en el vac\u00edo, la <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('relatividad',event); return false;\">relatividad<\/a> especial de <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('einstein',event); return false;\">Einstein<\/a>, y, tambi\u00e9n el <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electr\u00f3n<\/a> de Dirac. Venir a estas alturas a decirnos que dicha constante es variable en el tiempo y el espacio&#8230;da que pensar. Pero sigamos.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"Divulgaci\u00f3n de la Ciencia: La constante de estructura fina\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-GKAWsWj6DU8\/X-eCwVUBc-I\/AAAAAAAAFsA\/PcgIY_G7hTYROmu2HBfNcvuaoNWr3HCdACNcBGAsYHQ\/s0\/Estructura_fina.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La constante de <strong>estructura fina<\/strong> o <strong>constante de estructura fina de Sommerfeld<\/strong>, normalmente representada por el s\u00edmbolo \u03b1, es la constante f\u00edsica fundamental que caracteriza la fuerza de la interacci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica Es una cantidad sin dimensiones, por lo que su valor num\u00e9rico es independiente del sistema de unidades usado.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>La expresi\u00f3n que la define\u00a0 es:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/es\/math\/4\/f\/d\/4fd1578178688b2c81d8dd9b93f470ef.png\" alt=\" \\alpha = \\frac{e^2}{\\hbar c \\ 4 \\pi \\epsilon_0} = 7,297 352 568 \\times 10^{-3} = \\frac{1}{137,035 999 11} \" \/>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">donde <em>e<\/em> es la carga elemental,\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/es\/math\/1\/d\/c\/1dcbe13471d25bbb3ee50200b4501e68.png\" alt=\"\\hbar = h\/(2 \\pi)\" \/> es la es la constante reducida de Planck,\u00a0 <em>c<\/em> es la velocidad de la luz\u00a0 en el vac\u00edo, y \u03b5<sub>0<\/sub> es la permitividad del vac\u00edo.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-6KxWm0Z-kLk\/Two14sLtOPI\/AAAAAAAAAYk\/iTt-2U9Z3o4\/s1600\/estrellas1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"597\" height=\"477\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00bfBrillar\u00edan las estrellas de la misma manera si la constante de estructura fina fuese variable? Y, nosotros, \u00bfestar\u00edamos aqu\u00ed? El resultado de las dos respuestas ser\u00eda que NO.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hay cambios infinitesimales que seguramente podr\u00edan ser soportados sin notar cambios perceptibles, como por ejemplo en la vig\u00e9sima cifra decimal de la constante de estructura fina. Si el cambio se produjera en la segunda cifra decimal, los cambios ser\u00edan muy importantes. Las propiedades de los \u00e1tomos se alteran y procesos complicados como el plegamiento de las prote\u00ednas o la replicaci\u00f3n del ADN pueden verse afectados de manera adversa. Sin embargo, para la complejidad qu\u00edmica pueden abrirse nuevas posibilidades. Es dif\u00edcil evaluar las consecuencias de estos cambios, pero est\u00e1 claro que, si los cambios consiguen cierta importancia, los n\u00facleos dejar\u00edan de existir, no se formar\u00edan c\u00e9lulas y la vida se ausentar\u00eda del planeta, siendo imposible alguna forma de vida.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Las constantes de la naturaleza \u00a1son intocables!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" 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\" alt=\"Ciencias Planetarias y Astrobiolog\u00eda : La constante de estructura fina en nuestro Universo\" width=\"384\" height=\"207\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Existen algunas m\u00e1s pero, todas son intocables, si ellas var\u00edan las consecuencias ser\u00edan funestas<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ahora sabemos que el universo tiene que tener miles de millones de a\u00f1os para que haya transcurrido el tiempo necesario par que los ladrillos de la vida sean fabricados en las estrellas y la gravitaci\u00f3n nos dice que la edad del universo esta directamente ligada con otras propiedades como la densidad, temperatura, y el brillo del cielo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Puesto que el universo debe expandirse durante miles de millones de a\u00f1os, debe llegar a tener una extensi\u00f3n visible de miles de millones de a\u00f1os luz. Puesto que su temperatura y densidad disminuyen a medida que se expande, necesariamente se hace fr\u00edo y disperso. Como hemos visto, la densidad del universo es hoy de poco m\u00e1s que 1 \u00e1tomo por m<sup>3 <\/sup>de espacio. Traducida en una medida de las distancias medias entre estrellas o galaxias, esta densidad tan baja muestra por qu\u00e9 no es sorprendente que otros sistemas estelares est\u00e9n tan alejados y sea dif\u00edcil el contacto con extraterrestres. Si existen en el universo otras formas de v\u00eda avanzada, entonces, como nosotros, habr\u00e1n evolucionado sin ser perturbadas por otros seres de otros mundos hasta alcanzar una fase tecnol\u00f3gica avanzada.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov\/apod\/image\/0801\/cocoon_cfht_big.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" id=\"imagenprincipal\" title=\"La Nebulosa del Capullo desde CFHT\" src=\"http:\/\/antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov\/apod\/image\/0801\/cocoon_cfht.jpg\" alt=\"La Nebulosa del Capullo desde CFHT\" width=\"610\" height=\"457\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0 \u00bfQu\u00e9 provoca los colores de la Nebulosa del Capullo?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La expansi\u00f3n del universo es precisamente la que ha hecho posible que el alejamiento entre estrellas, con sus enormes fuentes de radiaci\u00f3n, no incidieran en las c\u00e9lulas org\u00e1nicas que m\u00e1s tarde evolucionar\u00edan hasta llegar a nosotros. Diez mil millones de a\u00f1os de alejamiento continuado y el enfriamiento que acompa\u00f1a a dicha expansi\u00f3n permitieron que, con la temperatura ideal y una radiaci\u00f3n baja, los seres vivos continuaran su andadura en este planeta min\u00fasculo, situado en la periferia de la galaxia que comparado al conjunto de esta, es s\u00f3lo una mota de polvo donde unos insignificantes seres laboriosos, curiosos y osados, son conscientes de estar all\u00ed y est\u00e1n pretendiendo determinar las leyes, no ya de su mundo o de su galaxia, sino que su osad\u00eda ilimitada les lleva a pretender conocer el destino de todo el universo.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" 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\" alt=\"Todos tenemos tendencia a interesarnos por alguna cosa : Blog de Emilio Silvera V.\" width=\"455\" height=\"341\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cuando a solas pienso en todo esto, la verdad es que no me siento nada insignificante y nada humilde ante la inmensidad de los cielos. Las estrellas pueden ser enormes y juntas, formar inmensas galaxias\u2026 pero no pueden pensar ni amar; no tienen curiosidad, ni en ellas est\u00e1 el poder de ahondar en el porqu\u00e9 de las cosas. Nosotros s\u00ed podemos hacer todo eso y m\u00e1s.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La estructura de los \u00e1tomos y las mol\u00e9culas est\u00e1 controlada casi por completo por dos n\u00fameros: la raz\u00f3n entre las masas del <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electr\u00f3n<\/a> y el <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">prot\u00f3n<\/a>, \u03b2, que es aproximadamente igual a 1\/1.836, y la constante de estructura fina, \u03b1, que es aproximadamente 1\/137. Supongamos que permitimos que estas dos constantes cambien su valor de forma independiente y supongamos tambi\u00e9n (para hacerlo sencillo) que ninguna otra constante de la Naturaleza cambie. \u00bfQu\u00e9 le sucede al mundo si las leyes de la naturaleza siguen siendo las mismas?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.monografias.com\/trabajos70\/formas-alotrpicas-hierro-combinaciones-carbono\/image001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"504\" height=\"308\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Al mismo tiempo nos ha parecido reconocer que esos objetos, es decir, sus redes cristalinas \u201creales\u201d, almacenan informaci\u00f3n (memoria) que se nos muestra muy diversa y que puede cobrar inter\u00e9s en ciertos casos, como el de los microcristales de arcilla, en los que, seg\u00fan Cairns-Smith, puede incluso llegar a transmitirse.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Porque, \u00bfqu\u00e9 sabemos en realidad de lo que llamamos materia inerte? Lo \u00fanico que sabemos de ella son los datos referidos a sus condiciones f\u00edsicas de dureza, composici\u00f3n, etc; en otros aspectos ni sabemos si pueden existir otras propiedades distintas a las meramente f\u00edsicas. La constante de estructura fina est\u00e1n por todas partes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Si deducimos las consecuencias pronto encontramos que no hay muchos espacios para maniobrar. Incrementemos \u03b2\u00a0demasiado y no puede haber estructuras moleculares ordenadas porque es el peque\u00f1o valor de beta el que asegura que los <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> ocupen posiciones bien definidas alrededor de un n\u00facleo at\u00f3mico y las cargas negativas de los <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> igualan las cargas positivas de los <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> haciendo estable el n\u00facleo y el \u00e1tomo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Si en lugar de \u03b1\u00a0versi\u00f3n \u03b2, jugamos a cambiar la intensidad de la <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('fuerza nuclear fuerte',event); return false;\">fuerza nuclear fuerte<\/a> a<sub>F<\/sub>, junto con la de \u03b1, entonces, a menos que \u00a0\u03b1<sub>F <\/sub>&gt; 0,3 \u03b1<sup>\u00bd<\/sup>, los elementos como el carbono no existir\u00edan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No podr\u00edan existir qu\u00edmicos org\u00e1nicos, no podr\u00edan mantenerse unidos. Si aumentamos a<sub>F<\/sub> en solo un 4 por 100, aparece un desastre potencial porque ahora puede existir un nuevo n\u00facleo de helio, el helio-2, hecho de 2 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> y ning\u00fan <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('neutron',event); return false;\">neutr\u00f3n<\/a>, que permite reacciones nucleares directas y m\u00e1s r\u00e1pidas que de <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">prot\u00f3n<\/a> + <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">prot\u00f3n<\/a> \u2192\u00a0 helio-2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/apod.nasa.gov\/apod\/image\/1003\/m78_torregrosa.jpg\" alt=\"http:\/\/apod.nasa.gov\/apod\/image\/1003\/m78_torregrosa.jpg\" width=\"625\" height=\"504\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tampoco las Nubes moleculares en Ori\u00f3n, lugar cercano a nuestra casa, ser\u00edan iguales si\u00a0\u03b1 fuese variable<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Las estrellas agotar\u00edan r\u00e1pidamente su combustible y se hundir\u00edan en estados degenerados o en <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('agujero negro',event); return false;\">agujeros negros<\/a>. Por el contrario, si a<sub>F<\/sub> decreciera en un 10 por 100, el n\u00facleo de <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('deuterio',event); return false;\">deuterio<\/a> dejar\u00eda de estar ligado y se bloquear\u00eda el camino a los caminos astrof\u00edsicos nucleares hacia los elementos bioqu\u00edmicos necesarios para la vida.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En fin, que nuestro Universo es como es porque las constantes fundamentales son las que son.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Emilio Silvera V\u00e1zquez<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class='bookmark'>\r\n\t\t<table align='left' border='0' cellpadding='0' width='100%'>\r\n\t\t<tr><td><span class='pushbutton'><a href='http:\/\/delicious.com\/post?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emiliosilveravazquez.com%2Fblog%2F2025%2F06%2F20%2Fsi-las-constantes-fueran-variables-en-el-teimpo-y-en-el-espacio-mala-cosa-seria%2F&amp;title=Si+las+constantes+fueran+variables+en+el+teimpo+y+en+el+espacio%26%238230%3Bmala+cosa+ser%C3%ADa' title='Delicious' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'><img src='http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/knxdt-bookmarks-wordpress-plugin\/images\/delicious.png'  alt='' class='book_img' border='none' style='margin:1px; 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Su valor es \u03b1 = 2\u03c0 e2\u00a0\/hc, donde e es la carga del electr\u00f3n, h la\u00a0constante\u00a0de Planck, y c la velocidad de la luz en el vac\u00edo. &nbsp; \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_s2mail":"yes","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6011"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6011"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6011\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6011"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6011"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6011"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}