{"id":28080,"date":"2022-06-02T09:49:47","date_gmt":"2022-06-02T08:49:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/?p=28080"},"modified":"2022-06-02T09:49:47","modified_gmt":"2022-06-02T08:49:47","slug":"conociendo-la-materia-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/2022\/06\/02\/conociendo-la-materia-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Conociendo la Materia I"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Entre 1.906 y 1.908 (hace ahora un siglo) Rutherford\u00a0realiz\u00f3 constantes experimentos disparando <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula alfa',event); return false;\">part\u00edculas alfa<\/a> contra una l\u00e1mina sutil de metal (como oro o platino), para analizar sus \u00e1tomos.\u00a0 La mayor parte de los proyectiles atravesaron la barrera sin desviarse (como balas a trav\u00e9s de las hojas de un \u00e1rbol).\u00a0 Pero no todos.\u00a0 En la placa fotogr\u00e1fica que le sirvi\u00f3 de blanco tras el metal, Rutherford descubri\u00f3 varios impactos dispersos e insospechados alrededor del punto central. Comprob\u00f3 que algunas part\u00edculas hab\u00edan rebotado.\u00a0 Era como si en vez de atravesar las hojas, algunos proyectiles hubiesen chocado contra algo m\u00e1s s\u00f3lido.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"Un paseo por el Cosmos: Experimento de Rutherford.\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rutherford supuso que aquellas \u201cbalas\u201d hab\u00edan chocado contra una especie de n\u00facleo denso, que ocupaba s\u00f3lo una parte m\u00ednima del volumen at\u00f3mico y ese n\u00facleo de intensa densidad, desviaban los proyectiles que acertaban a chocar contra \u00e9l.\u00a0 Ello ocurr\u00eda en muy raras ocasiones, lo cual demostraba que los n\u00facleos at\u00f3micos deb\u00edan ser realmente \u00ednfimos, porque un proyectil hab\u00eda de encontrar por fuerza muchos millones de \u00e1tomos al atravesar la l\u00e1mina met\u00e1lica.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Era l\u00f3gico suponer, pues, que los <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> constitu\u00edan ese n\u00facleo duro.\u00a0 Rutherford represent\u00f3 los <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> at\u00f3micos como elementos api\u00f1ados alrededor de un min\u00fasculo \u201cn\u00facleo at\u00f3mico\u201d que serv\u00eda de centro (despu\u00e9s de todo eso, hemos podido saber que el di\u00e1metro de ese n\u00facleo equivale a algo m\u00e1s de una cienmil\u00e9sima del volumen total del \u00e1tomo.).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSpbBlnicrkqhG-jkVWU7Z2RoQPuZBLQcIuxQ&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Premio Nobel de Qu\u00edmica - EcuRed\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQg6Rt2N5Vb8Q9Ek1FzNbymS1kAWoo_EqL-wQ&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Rama Estudiantil IEEE PUCP - El 30 de agosto de 1871 naci\u00f3 Ernest Rutherford,  f\u00edsico y qu\u00edmico que se dedic\u00f3 al estudio de las part\u00edculas radioactivas,  logrando clasificarlas en alfa (\u03b1), beta (\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En 1.908 se concedi\u00f3 a Rutherfor el premio N\u00f3bel de Qu\u00edmica, por su extraordinaria labor de investigaci\u00f3n sobre la naturaleza de la materia.\u00a0 El fue el responsable de importantes descubrimientos que permitieron conocer la estructura de los \u00e1tomos en esa primera avanzadilla.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Desde entonces se pueden descubrir con t\u00e9rminos m\u00e1s concretos los \u00e1tomos espec\u00edficos y sus diversos comportamientos.\u00a0 Por ejemplo, el \u00e1tomo de hidr\u00f3geno posee un solo <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electr\u00f3n<\/a>.\u00a0 Si se elimina, el <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">prot\u00f3n<\/a> restante se asocia inmediatamente a alguna mol\u00e9cula vecina; y cuando el n\u00facleo desnudo de hidr\u00f3geno no encuentra por este medio un <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electr\u00f3n<\/a> que participe, act\u00faa como un <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">prot\u00f3n<\/a> -es decir, una part\u00edcula subat\u00f3mica-, lo cual le permite penetrar en la materia y reaccionar con otros n\u00facleos si conserva la suficiente energ\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\u00e1tomo De Helio, Helio, \u00e1tomo imagen png - imagen transparente descarga  gratuita\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"M\u00e1s...\" src=\"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/wordpress\/img\/trans.gif\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El helio, que posee dos <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a>, no cede uno con tanta facilidad.\u00a0 Sus dos <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> forman un caparaz\u00f3n herm\u00e9tico, por lo cual el \u00e1tomo es inerte.\u00a0 No obstante, si se despoja al helio de ambos <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a>, se convierte en una <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula alfa',event); return false;\">part\u00edcula alfa<\/a>, es decir, una part\u00edcula subat\u00f3mica portadora de dos unidades de carga positiva.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"\u00c1tomo De Litio Con N\u00facleo Detallado Y Sus 3 Electrones Stock de ilustraci\u00f3n  - Ilustraci\u00f3n de litio, elemento: 172676920\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hay un tercer elemento, el litio, cuyo \u00e1tomo tiene tres <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a>.\u00a0 Si se despoja de uno o dos, se transforma en ion.\u00a0 Y si pierde los tres, queda reducida a un n\u00facleo desnudo, con una carga positiva de tres unidades.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Las unidades de una carga positiva en el n\u00facleo at\u00f3mico deben ser num\u00e9ricamente id\u00e9ntica a los <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> que contiene como norma, pues el \u00e1tomo suele ser un cuerpo neutro y esta igualdad de lo positivo con lo negativo, es el equilibrio.\u00a0 Y, de hecho, los n\u00fameros at\u00f3micos de sus elementos se basan en sus unidades de carga positiva, no en las de carga negativa, porque resulta f\u00e1cil hacer variar el n\u00famero de <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> at\u00f3micos dentro de la formaci\u00f3n i\u00f3nica, pero, en cambio, se encuentran grandes dificultades si se desea alterar el n\u00famero de sus <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Apenas esbozado este esquema de la construcci\u00f3n at\u00f3mica, surgieron nuevos enigmas.\u00a0\u00a0 El n\u00famero de unidades con carga positiva en un n\u00facleo no equilibr\u00f3, en ning\u00fan caso, el peso nuclear ni la masa, exceptuando el caso del \u00e1tomo de hidr\u00f3geno.\u00a0 Para citar un ejemplo, se averigu\u00f3 que el n\u00facleo de helio ten\u00eda una carga positiva dos veces mayor que la del n\u00facleo de hidr\u00f3geno; pero, como ya se sab\u00eda, su masa era cuatro veces mayor que la de este \u00faltimo.\u00a0 Y la situaci\u00f3n empeor\u00f3 progresivamente a medida que se descend\u00eda por la tabla de elementos, e incluso cuando se alcanz\u00f3 el uranio, se encontr\u00f3 un n\u00facleo con una masa igual a 238 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a>, pero una carga que equival\u00eda s\u00f3lo a 92.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQFQ3uCyxolB_mP8NZkKWMSv5bfUenWwVqkZg&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Uranio - Protones - Neutrones - Electrones - Configuraci\u00f3n electr\u00f3nica\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00bfC\u00f3mo era posible que un n\u00facleo que conten\u00eda cuatro <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> (seg\u00fan se supon\u00eda del n\u00facleo de helio) tuviera s\u00f3lo dos unidades de carga positiva? Seg\u00fan la m\u00e1s simple y primera conjetura emitida, la presencia en el n\u00facleo de part\u00edculas cargadas negativamente y con peso despreciable, neutralizaba dos unidades de su carga.\u00a0 Como es natural, se pens\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n \u2013en el electr\u00f3n-.\u00a0 Se podr\u00eda componer el rompecabezas si se supon\u00eda que el n\u00facleo de helio estaba integrado por cuatro <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> y dos <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> neutralizadores, lo cual deja libre una carga positiva neta de dos, y as\u00ed sucesivamente, hasta llegar al uranio, cuyo n\u00facleo tendr\u00eda, pues, 238 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> y 146 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a>, con 92 unidades libres de carga positiva.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El hecho de que los n\u00facleos radiactivos emitieran <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> (seg\u00fan se hab\u00eda comprobado ya, por ejemplo, en el caso de las <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula beta',event); return false;\">part\u00edculas beta<\/a>) reforz\u00f3 esta idea general.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dicha teor\u00eda prevaleci\u00f3 durante m\u00e1s de una d\u00e9cada, hasta que, por caminos indirectos, lleg\u00f3 una respuesta mejor, como resultado de otras investigaciones.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"\u00c3tomo De Cloro Im\u00e1genes vectoriales de stock - Alamy\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pero entretanto se hab\u00eda presentado algunas objeciones rigurosas contra dicha hip\u00f3tesis.\u00a0 Por lo pronto, si el n\u00facleo estaba constituido esencialmente de <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a>, mientras que los ligeros <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> no aportaban pr\u00e1cticamente ninguna contribuci\u00f3n a la masa, \u00bfC\u00f3mo se explicaba que las masas relativas de varios n\u00facleos no estuvieran representadas por n\u00fameros enteros? Seg\u00fan los pesos at\u00f3micos conocidos, el n\u00facleo del \u00e1tomo cloro, por ejemplo, ten\u00eda una masa 35\u20195 veces mayor que la del n\u00facleo del hidr\u00f3geno. \u00bfAcaso significaba esto que conten\u00eda 35\u20195 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a>? Ning\u00fan cient\u00edfico (ni entonces ni ahora) pod\u00eda aceptar la existencia de medio <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">prot\u00f3n<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Este singular interrogante encontr\u00f3 una respuesta incluso antes de solventar el problema principal.\u00a0 Y ello dio lugar a una interesante historia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00cdSOTOPOS<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"Ya podemos \u201cviajar\u201d desde el n\u00facleo at\u00f3mico hasta las galaxias : Blog de  Emilio Silvera V.\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTxyGHbc3DK65GP3G4VddV5uBrNVDYOZJAX1dCxkeBvVOKKzuNMEUJazoRfZe2Yr-nenOI&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Is\u00f3topo [isotope] (Astronom\u00eda)\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Construcci\u00f3n de bloques uniformes<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">All\u00e1 por 1.816, el f\u00edsico ingl\u00e9s William Prout hab\u00eda insinuado ya que el \u00e1tomo de hidr\u00f3geno deb\u00eda de entrar en la constituci\u00f3n de todos los \u00e1tomos.\u00a0 Con el tiempo se fueron desvelando los pesos at\u00f3micos, y la teor\u00eda de Prout qued\u00f3 arrinconada, pues se comprob\u00f3 que muchos elementos ten\u00edan pesos fraccionarios (para lo cual se tom\u00f3 el ox\u00edgeno, tipificado a 16).\u00a0 El cloro (seg\u00fan dije antes) tiene un peso at\u00f3mico aproximado de 35\u20195, o para ser exactos, de 35\u2019457.\u00a0 Otros ejemplos son el antimonio, con un peso at\u00f3mico de 121\u201975; el bario, con 127\u201934; el boro, con 10\u2019811, y el cadmio, con 112\u201940.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRZZeCa5uqIv_tSoPB-faU2YrOxXYDs0FvTbj5q6Ne707PpEUjlPppLPCRvRI0SxBEItv4&amp;usqp=CAU\" alt=\"Impennata dei prezzi dell'uranio sullo sfondo delle proteste in Kazakistan\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hacia principios de siglo se hizo una serie de observaciones desconcertantes, que condujeron al esclarecimiento.\u00a0 El ingl\u00e9s William Crookes (el del \u201ctubo Crookes) logr\u00f3 disociar del uranio una sustancia cuya \u00ednfima cantidad result\u00f3 ser mucho m\u00e1s radiactiva que el propio uranio.\u00a0 Apoy\u00e1ndose en su experimento, afirm\u00f3 que el uranio no ten\u00eda <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('radiactividad',event); return false;\">radiactividad<\/a>, y que esta proced\u00eda exclusivamente de dicha impureza, que \u00e9l denomino \u201curanio X\u201d.\u00a0 Por otra parte, Henri Becquerel descubri\u00f3 que el uranio purificado y ligeramente radiactivo adquir\u00eda mayor <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('radiactividad',event); return false;\">radiactividad<\/a> con el tiempo, por causas desconocidas.\u00a0 Si se dejan reposar durante alg\u00fan tiempo, se pod\u00eda extraer de \u00e9l repetidas veces uranio activo X. Para decirlo de otra manera: por su propia <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('radiactividad',event); return false;\">radiactividad<\/a>, el uranio se convert\u00eda en el uranio X, m\u00e1s activo a\u00fan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"Qu\u00e9 es Torio? \u00bb Su Definici\u00f3n y Significado [2022]\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Por entonces, Rutherfor, a su vez, separ\u00f3 del torio un \u201ctorio X\u201d muy radiactivo, y comprob\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n que el torio segu\u00eda produciendo m\u00e1s torio X. Hacia aquellas fechas se sab\u00eda ya que el m\u00e1s famoso de los elementos radiactivos, el radio, emit\u00eda un gas radiactivo, denominado rad\u00f3n.\u00a0 Por tanto, Rutherford y su ayudante, el qu\u00edmico Frederick Soddy, dedujeron que, durante la emisi\u00f3n de sus part\u00edculas, los \u00e1tomos radiactivos de transformaban en otras variedades de \u00e1tomos radiactivos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Varios qu\u00edmicos, que investigaron tales transformaciones, lograron obtener un surtido muy variado de nuevas sustancias, a los que dieron nombres tales como radio A, radio B, mesotorio I, mesotorio II y Actinio C.\u00a0 Luego los agruparon todos en tres series, de acuerdo con sus historiales at\u00f3micos. Una serie de origin\u00f3 del uranio disociado; otra, del torio, y la tercera, del actinio (si bien m\u00e1s tarde se encontr\u00f3 un predecesor del actinio, llamado \u201cprotactinio\u201d).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En total se identificaron unos cuarenta miembros de esas series, y cada uno se distingui\u00f3 por su peculiar esquema de radiaci\u00f3n.\u00a0 Pero los productos finales de las tres series fueron id\u00e9nticos: en \u00faltimo t\u00e9rmino, todas las cadenas de sustancias conduc\u00edan al mismo elemento, estable: PLOMO.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"100cia Qu\u00edmica - Datos de los elementos\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\u25b7 Protactinio | De Qu\u00edmica\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ahora bien, esas cuarenta sustancias no pod\u00edan ser, sin excepci\u00f3n, elementos disociados, entre el uranio (92) y el plomo (82) hab\u00eda s\u00f3lo diez lugares en la tabla peri\u00f3dica, y todos ellos, salvo dos, pertenec\u00edan a elementos conocidos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En realidad, los qu\u00edmicos descubrieron que aunque las sustancias difer\u00edan entre s\u00ed por su <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('radiactividad',event); return false;\">radiactividad<\/a>, algunas ten\u00edan propiedades qu\u00edmicas id\u00e9nticas.\u00a0 Por ejemplo, ya en 1.907, los qu\u00edmicos americanos Herbert Newby Mc Coy y W.H. Ross descubrieron que el \u201cradio-torio\u201d (uno entre los varios productos de la desintegraci\u00f3n del torio) mostraba el mismo comportamiento qu\u00edmico que el torio, y el \u201cradio D\u201d, el mismo que el del plomo; tanto, que era llamado a veces \u201cradio plomo\u201d.\u00a0 De todo lo cual se infiri\u00f3 que tales sustancias eran en realidad variedades del mismo elemento: el radio-torio, una forma de torio; el radio-plomo, un miembro de una familia de plomos, y as\u00ed sucesivamente.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"Plomo - Tabla peri\u00f3dica y Propiedades at\u00f3micas\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En 1.913, Soddy esclareci\u00f3 esa idea y le dio m\u00e1s amplitud.\u00a0 Demostr\u00f3 que cu\u00e1ndo un \u00e1tomo emit\u00eda una <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula alfa',event); return false;\">part\u00edcula alfa<\/a>, se transformaba en un elemento que ocupaba dos lugares m\u00e1s abajo en la lista de elementos, y que cuando emit\u00eda una <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula beta',event); return false;\">part\u00edcula beta<\/a>, ocupaba, despu\u00e9s de su transformaci\u00f3n, el lugar inmediatamente superior.\u00a0 Con arreglo a tal norma, el \u201cradio-torio\u201d descender\u00eda en la tabla hasta el lugar del torio, y lo mismo ocurr\u00eda con las sustancias denominadas \u201curanio X\u201d y \u201curanio Y\u201d, es decir, que los tres ser\u00edan variedades del elemento 90.\u00a0 As\u00ed mismo, el \u201cradio D\u201d, el \u201cradio B\u201d el \u201ctorio B\u201d y el \u201cactinio B\u201d compartir\u00edan el lugar del plomo como variedades del elemento 82.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Soddy dio el nombre de \u201cis\u00f3topos\u201d (del griego iso y topos, \u201cel mismo lugar\u201d) a todos los miembros de una familia de sustancias que ocupaban el mismo lugar en la tabla peri\u00f3dica.\u00a0 En 1.921 se le concedi\u00f3 el premio N\u00f3bel de Qu\u00edmica.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"Protones, neutrones y electrones - Diferenciador\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El modelo <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">prot\u00f3n<\/a>-<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electr\u00f3n<\/a> del n\u00facleo concord\u00f3 perfectamente con la teor\u00eda de Soddy sobre los is\u00f3topos. Al retirar una part\u00edcula de dicho n\u00facleo, exactamente lo que necesitaba para bajar dos lugares en la tabla peri\u00f3dica.\u00a0 Por otra parte, cuando el n\u00facleo expulsaba un <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electr\u00f3n<\/a> (<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula beta',event); return false;\">part\u00edcula beta<\/a>), quedaba sin neutralizar un <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">prot\u00f3n<\/a> adicional, y ello incrementaba en una unidad la carga positiva del n\u00facleo, lo cual era como agregar una unidad al n\u00famero at\u00f3mico, y, por tanto, el elemento pasaba a ocupar la posici\u00f3n inmediatamente superior en la tabla peri\u00f3dica de elementos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00bfC\u00f3mo se explica que cuando el torio se descompone en \u201cradio-torio\u201d despu\u00e9s de sufrir no una, sino tres desintegraciones, el producto siga siendo torio?\u00a0 Pues bien, en este proceso el \u00e1tomo de torio pierde una <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula alfa',event); return false;\">part\u00edcula alfa<\/a>, luego una <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula beta',event); return false;\">part\u00edcula beta<\/a> y, m\u00e1s tarde, una segunda <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula beta',event); return false;\">part\u00edcula beta<\/a>.\u00a0 Si aceptamos la teor\u00eda sobre el bloque constitutivo de los <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a>, ello significa que el \u00e1tomo ha perdido cuatro <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> (dos de ellos, contenidos presuntamente en la <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('particula alfa',event); return false;\">part\u00edcula alfa<\/a>) y cuatro <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a>.\u00a0 (La situaci\u00f3n actual difiere bastante de este cuadro, aunque, en cierto modo, esto no afecta al resultado.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Thorium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius.png\" alt=\"Torio - Tabla peri\u00f3dica y propiedades at\u00f3micas\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El n\u00facleo de torio constaba inicialmente (seg\u00fan se supon\u00eda) de 232 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> y 142 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a>.\u00a0 Al haber perdido cuatro <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> y otros cuatro <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a>, quedaba reducido a 228 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('proton',event); return false;\">protones<\/a> y 138 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a>.\u00a0 No obstante, conservaba todav\u00eda y el n\u00famero at\u00f3mico 90, es decir, el mismo antes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As\u00ed, pues, el \u201cradiotorio\u201d, a semejanza del torio, posee 90 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> planetarios, que giran alrededor del n\u00facleo.\u00a0 Puesto que las propiedades qu\u00edmicas de \u00e1tomo est\u00e1n sujetas al n\u00famero de sus <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"referencia('electron',event); return false;\">electrones<\/a> planetarios, el torio y el \u201cradiotorio\u201d tienen el mismo comportamiento qu\u00edmico, sea cual fuere su diferencia en peso at\u00f3mico (232 y 228, respectivamente).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Los is\u00f3topos de un elemento se identifican por su peso at\u00f3mico, o \u201cn\u00famero m\u00e1sico\u201d.\u00a0 As\u00ed, el torio corriente se denomina torio 232, y el \u201cradiotorio\u201d, torio 228.\u00a0 Los is\u00f3topos radiactivos del plomo se distinguen tambi\u00e9n por estas denominaciones:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plomo 210 \u2013 Plomo 214-Plomo 212 y Plomo 211<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cradio D\u201d \u2013 \u201cradio B\u201d \u2013 \u201cTorio B\u201d y \u201cActinio B\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Se descubri\u00f3 que la noci\u00f3n de is\u00f3topos pod\u00eda aplicarse indistintamente tanto a los elementos estables como a los radiactivos.\u00a0 Por ejemplo, se comprob\u00f3 que las tres series radiactivas anteriormente mencionadas terminaban en tres formas distintas de plomo.\u00a0 La serie del uranio acababa en plomo 206; la del torio, en el plomo 208, y la del actinio, en el plomo 207.\u00a0 Cada uno de estos era un is\u00f3topo estable y \u201ccorriente\u201d del plomo, pero los tres plomos difer\u00edan por su peso at\u00f3mico.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">emilio silvera<\/p>\n<div class='bookmark'>\r\n\t\t<table align='left' border='0' cellpadding='0' width='100%'>\r\n\t\t<tr><td><span class='pushbutton'><a href='http:\/\/delicious.com\/post?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emiliosilveravazquez.com%2Fblog%2F2022%2F06%2F02%2Fconociendo-la-materia-i%2F&amp;title=Conociendo+la+Materia+I' title='Delicious' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'><img src='http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/knxdt-bookmarks-wordpress-plugin\/images\/delicious.png'  alt='' class='book_img' border='none' style='margin:1px; padding: 0;'  \/><\/a><\/span><span class='pushbutton'><a href='http:\/\/digg.com\/submit?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emiliosilveravazquez.com%2Fblog%2F2022%2F06%2F02%2Fconociendo-la-materia-i%2F&amp;title=Conociendo+la+Materia+I' title='Digg' target='_blank' rel='nofollow'><img src='http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/knxdt-bookmarks-wordpress-plugin\/images\/digg.png'  alt='' class='book_img' border='none' style='margin:1px; 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padding-left: 5px;'><a href='http:\/\/wordpress.org\/extend\/plugins\/knxdt-bookmarks-wordpress-plugin\/' title='Plugin' rel='nofollow' target='_blank'>[?]<\/a><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/table><br\/><br\/><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Entre 1.906 y 1.908 (hace ahora un siglo) Rutherford\u00a0realiz\u00f3 constantes experimentos disparando part\u00edculas alfa contra una l\u00e1mina sutil de metal (como oro o platino), para analizar sus \u00e1tomos.\u00a0 La mayor parte de los proyectiles atravesaron la barrera sin desviarse (como balas a trav\u00e9s de las hojas de un \u00e1rbol).\u00a0 Pero no todos.\u00a0 En la placa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_s2mail":"yes","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28080"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28080"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28080\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.emiliosilveravazquez.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}